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| The cartouche of Alara in the stela of Nastasen |
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· Pyramid of Khentkaus II
· Khentkaus III
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· Medinet Habu Calendar
· Khentemsemti
· Nefer
Alara
Recent Posts:
· Nefat
· Khentkaus I
· Khentkaus II
· Pyramid of Khentkaus II
· Khentkaus III
· Akkadians
· Medinet Habu Calendar
· Khentemsemti
· Nefer
Nefer
Nefer (Formal, Fifth Dynasty, Old Kingdom, c. 2400 BC) was the basic son of Kahay, a singer in the royal court who drew the attention of the king who, to show him favour, had his son learned with the young princes. This had the effect of positioning Nefer most well for the advancement of his career.
Nefer came from a family of musicians and hereditary many of his fathers duties in directing the music for the court observances. In addition he was addressed to higher offices in the service of the royal administration. These involved Controller of the Singers and Examiner of the essential House and the Artisans Workshop, and Nefer was as well rewarded with the title Keeper of the Secrets of the King. The net mark of favour shown to him by the king, plausibly Niuserre, with whom he had grown up, was the planning of a fine rock-cut tomb for himself and his home at Saqqara.
The tomb is a delightful compendium of the pleasances of the lifestyle of a well come out Egyptian of the late Old Kingdom, of which there can have been hardly a more preferred existences. In the cheerfully dressed chambers Nefer and the members of his family are presented enjoying country pursuits on their farm in Upper Egypt, being delighted, appropriately enough, by a little orchestra and with their family favourites, taking on their dog, an Egyptian hound, and a big baboon which assists with the wine-harvest and directs the crewmen loading Nefers boat.
Nefer plausibly died c. 2400 BC. Since his grave was not one of the first grandness it was buried during the establishing of the Causeway for King Unas pyramid, thus resulting in its conservation until modern times. Different members of his family were entombed in the tomb, which controls one of the oldest and best preserved mummies in Egypt.
Recent Posts:
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
· Khensuhotep
· Nefat
· Khentkaus I
· Khentkaus II
· Pyramid of Khentkaus II
· Khentkaus III
· Akkadians
· Medinet Habu Calendar
· Khentemsemti
Nefer came from a family of musicians and hereditary many of his fathers duties in directing the music for the court observances. In addition he was addressed to higher offices in the service of the royal administration. These involved Controller of the Singers and Examiner of the essential House and the Artisans Workshop, and Nefer was as well rewarded with the title Keeper of the Secrets of the King. The net mark of favour shown to him by the king, plausibly Niuserre, with whom he had grown up, was the planning of a fine rock-cut tomb for himself and his home at Saqqara.
The tomb is a delightful compendium of the pleasances of the lifestyle of a well come out Egyptian of the late Old Kingdom, of which there can have been hardly a more preferred existences. In the cheerfully dressed chambers Nefer and the members of his family are presented enjoying country pursuits on their farm in Upper Egypt, being delighted, appropriately enough, by a little orchestra and with their family favourites, taking on their dog, an Egyptian hound, and a big baboon which assists with the wine-harvest and directs the crewmen loading Nefers boat.
Nefer plausibly died c. 2400 BC. Since his grave was not one of the first grandness it was buried during the establishing of the Causeway for King Unas pyramid, thus resulting in its conservation until modern times. Different members of his family were entombed in the tomb, which controls one of the oldest and best preserved mummies in Egypt.
Recent Posts:
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
· Khensuhotep
· Nefat
· Khentkaus I
· Khentkaus II
· Pyramid of Khentkaus II
· Khentkaus III
· Akkadians
· Medinet Habu Calendar
· Khentemsemti
Khentemsemti
Khentemsemti was a excavation and royal treasury official of the 12th Dynasty. He served Amenemhet II (1929-1892 B.C.E.) as a royal treasurer and a leader of jaunts to mines and quarries. Khentemsemti left an dedication about one such excursion on Elephantine Island at Aswan.
Recent Posts:
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
· Khensuhotep
· Nefat
· Khentkaus I
· Khentkaus II
· Pyramid of Khentkaus II
· Khentkaus III
· Akkadians
· Medinet Habu Calendar
Recent Posts:
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
· Khensuhotep
· Nefat
· Khentkaus I
· Khentkaus II
· Pyramid of Khentkaus II
· Khentkaus III
· Akkadians
· Medinet Habu Calendar
Medinet Habu Calendar
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| Medinet Habu Calendar |
Recent Posts:
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
· Khensuhotep
· Nefat
· Khentkaus I
· Khentkaus II
· Pyramid of Khentkaus II
· Khentkaus III
· Akkadians
Akkadians
Akkad, ancient realm in what is now important Iraq. Akkad was the northwestern partition of ancient Babylonian refinement. The region was placed roughly in the sphere where the Tigris and Euphrates rivers are smallest to each other, and its northern limit great beyond the line of the modern cities of Al-Fallujah and Baghdad. The early inhabitants of this region were predominantly Semitic, and their speech is called Akkadian. To the south of the area of Akkad lay Sumer, the southeastern division of ancient Babylonia, which was settled by a non-Semitic people known as Sumerians.
The name of Akkad was taken from the city of Agade, which was established by the Semitic conqueror Sargon in about 2300 bce. Sargon linked the different city-states in the region and gone his rule to cover much of Mesopotamia. After the pass of Sargons dynasty in about 2150 bce, the central Iraq region was subject by a state jointly composed of Sumerians and Akkadians. Secondary the kings of Akkad, their Semitic language, famous as Akkadian, became a literary language that was written with the cuneiform system of writing. Akkadian is the oldest Semitic dialect still saved.
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· Khenemsu
· Ancient Egyptian Doctors
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
· Khensuhotep
· Nefat
· Khentkaus I
· Khentkaus II
· Pyramid of Khentkaus II
· Khentkaus III
The name of Akkad was taken from the city of Agade, which was established by the Semitic conqueror Sargon in about 2300 bce. Sargon linked the different city-states in the region and gone his rule to cover much of Mesopotamia. After the pass of Sargons dynasty in about 2150 bce, the central Iraq region was subject by a state jointly composed of Sumerians and Akkadians. Secondary the kings of Akkad, their Semitic language, famous as Akkadian, became a literary language that was written with the cuneiform system of writing. Akkadian is the oldest Semitic dialect still saved.
Recent Posts:
· Khenemsu
· Ancient Egyptian Doctors
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
· Khensuhotep
· Nefat
· Khentkaus I
· Khentkaus II
· Pyramid of Khentkaus II
· Khentkaus III
Khentkaus III
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| The hieroglyphic name of Khentkaus III |
Khentkaus was very probable a daughter of king Neferirkare Kakai and queen Khentkaus II, while her husband was as belike pharaoh Neferefre, and her son the future pharaoh Menkauhor Kaiu.
On January 4, 2015, the uncovering of her tomb by Czech archeologists was announced by Egyptian authorities. According to Egyptian Antiquities Minister Mamdouh Eldamaty, there had been no knowledge of the existence of Khentkaus III before this discovery. Two earlier Egyptian pansies with the same name have been described previously, however.
The tomb of Khentkaus III marked as AC 30 was excavated in Abusir, where there are individual pyramids gave to pharaohs of the Fifth Dynasty, including Neferefre. The tomb was saw near Neferefre's funerary complex by a Czech archaeological team extended by Miroslav Barta of Charles University in Prague, with Egyptian collaboration.
The name and rank of Khentkaus was graphic on the inner walls of the tomb, probable by the builders. Her burial direct is a mastaba with an secret burial chamber that is reached via a tool. The eases in the tomb noted her both as "the wife of the king" and "the mother of the king", meaning her son climbed up the throne. Statuettes and 24 travertine utensils, on with 4 copper utensils (which were part of the funerary targets), likewise have been got in the tomb. The tomb is seen to the middle of the 5th Dynasty.
The archaeologists who exposed the tomb believed it to be that of Neferefre's wife, because it was good to his complex, in a close cemetery southeastern of the complex. Eldamaty stated: "This discovery will supporter us shed light on particular strange aspects of the 5th Dynasty, which on with the 4th Dynasty, witnessed the construction of the first pyramids."
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· Khenemsu
· Ancient Egyptian Doctors
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
· Khensuhotep
· Nefat
· Khentkaus I
· Khentkaus II
· Pyramid of Khentkaus II
Pyramid of Khentkaus II
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| The Pyramid of Khentkaus II |
The area of the pyramid of Khentkaus II, immediately south of the pyramid complex of Neferirkare was first explored at the first of the 20th century by Ludwig Borchardt, who likewise found continues of the complex, which he incorrectly identified as a double mastaba after implementing some soundings.
Excited by the breakthrough of a papyrus fragment from the 5th dynasty, the Czech archaeologist Miroslav Verner enquired the previously undiscovered area during the diggings which he attempted in Abousir with his team from 1975 to 1980. In the shape he saw that it was not a mastaba at whole, but a small pyramid complex.
Through his diggings, Verner was able to clearly assign the social system to a queen named Khentkaus. It was not initially clear whether this was the same several as Khentkaus I of the 4th dynasty whose grave (de) is at Giza. Both Khentkaus I and Khentkaus II had an special title which indicated that they had ruled Egypt in person. From the archaeological setting, however, it was viable to date the pyramid at Abousir to he 5th dynasty and to place the proprietor of the pyramid with the wife of Neferirkare: Khentkaus II.
Building of the pyramid of Khentkaus II started in the reign of her husband Neferirkare and appears to have been primitively planned as a clean queen's pyramid within the pyramid complex of Neferirkare. Letterings from this phase of the expression give the name of Khentkaus with the title "Royal Wife." Between the tenth and 11th regnal year of the king there was a transfer in the establishing work, which had passed the peak of the grave chamber roof by this point. The cause for the change was probably the death of the king.
Although the continuance of construction during the subsequent short dominate of Neferefre cannot be eliminated, there is very little show for it.
Only under Nyuserre Ini does work seem to have summed on the complex. On dedications from this time, Khentkaus' title is "Queen mother." In this eriod, the pyramid was good, a temple was raised in two phases and the rest of the complex was developed.
There is also an dedication from this time, which gives her title as Mw.t-nsw-bj.tj-nsw-bj.tj, which might be read as "Mother of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt and King of Upper and Lower Egypt" or as "Mother of two kings of Upper and Lower Egypt." The first rendering would indicate that Khentkaus II had ruled as monarch in her own right for leastwise a short time - a possibleness which is likewise supported by the depicting of her with the symbolisation of the king.
The pyramid had a base which careful 25 metres by 25 metres and, if its side was the 52 angle which was usual for pyramids in the 5th dynasty, then it would have been about 17 ms tall. The core of the pyramid was formed by three levels of small limestone blocks, which were held in concert by clay morter. This substantial was the left over remains of the material abused to build Neferirkare's pyramid. The core looks to have been covered with a fine Tura limestone cladding. The top of the pyramid was formed by a grey-black granite pyramidion, fragments of which were found in the ruins.
In the first phase of expression, under Neferirkare, the core structure of the pyramid was established, but the cladding and the mortuary temple were not brought. The archaeological evidence evokes that the cladding was first supplied at the same time as the limestone mortuary temple was built, under Niuserre.
The pyramid structure has been heavily broken by spoliation, such that the destroys are now only 4 metres higher. The weak masonry work and light quality material helped both destruction by quarrying and wearing.
The foundation of the pyramid is a flat, open tomb which is very clearly kept. From the north, a corridor falls for about half its length, then covers on the horizontal and turns slightly to the east. Short before the burial chamber there is a granite fall-trap. The grave chamber itself was pointed in an east-west direction. The making material for the passageway and the chamber was small blocks of clean limestone. The ceiling of the grave chamber was flat and made from massive limestone blocks.
The chamber itself is hard damaged, but fragments of a pink granite sarcophagus have been saw. Some of the ski bindings from the mummy and fragments of alabaster great goods were also saw. These stays indicate that the pyramid was so used as the queen's final breathing place.
The pyramid of Khenkaus II had its own individual pyramid complex and was not start of the pyramid complex of Khentkaus' husband Neferirkare. The complex contains all significant elements necessary for the maintenance of a ruler fad. Thus far, a causeway and a valley temple have not been described.
Recent Posts:
· Akhlane
· Medicine in Ancient Egypt
· Kemsit
· Akhmin (Khemmis)
· Ancient Egyptian Surgery
· Khenemsu
· Ancient Egyptian Doctors
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
· Khensuhotep
· Nefat
· Khentkaus I
· Khentkaus II
Khentkaus II
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| The hieroglyphic name of Khentkaus II |
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| Part of stone showing Khentkaus II |
Khentkaus II held several titles including the title Mwt-neswt-bity-neswt-bity which she has in common with Khentkaus I. This title is not well taken and could mean either mother of the multiple kings, or dual king and mother of the dual king. Other titles given by Khentkaus II let in important one of the hetes-sceptre (wrt-hetes), she who sees Horus and Seth (m33t-hrw-stsh), important of extolment (wrt-hzwt), king's wife (hmt-nisw), king's wife, his loved (hmt-nisw meryt.f), priestess of Bapef (hmt-ntr-b3-pf), priestess of Tjazepef (hmt-ntr-t3-zp.f), patroness of the slaughters in the acacia house (khrpt-sshmtiw-shndt), attendant of Horus (kht-hrw), God's daughter (s3t-ntr), fellow of Horus (smrt-hrw and tist-hrw).
The king's mother Khentkaus is mentioned in the Abusir Papyri. Khentkaus II got a pyramid complex in Abusir next to the pyramid complex of her hubby Neferirkare Kakai. The pyramid was initially excavated in 1906 by Borchardt. The social structure was then supposed to be a extended mastaba and was not unearthed very thoroughly. Seventy years later the Czech Institute took a thorough excavation of the site. The construction of the pyramid was probable started during the dominate of her husband Neferirkare Kakai and gone during the dominate of her son Nyuserre Ini. The pyramid was soaked during the First Intermediate Period. During the Middle Kingdom the pyramid was resume and the sarcophagus reprocessed for the burial of a young baby. By the stop of the New Kingdom the destruction of the site come when stones were taken from the site to be recycled elsewhere.
The mortuary temple of Khentkaues II was mounted, but the rests were damaged and what stays are a collection of fragments. The scenes included depictions of oblations, a funeral repast, agricultural settings, the advancement of funerary acres and the family of King Nyuserre recognise the Queen-Mother.
Recent Posts:
· Medicine in Ancient Egypt
· Kemsit
· Akhmin (Khemmis)
· Ancient Egyptian Surgery
· Khenemsu
· Ancient Egyptian Doctors
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
· Khensuhotep
· Nefat
· Khentkaus I
Khentkaus I
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| The hieroglyphic name of Khentkaus |
The "Khentkaus Problem" has a long history. In the 1930s Hassan projected that Khentkaus was a girl of Menkaure, and married first to Shepseskaf and later to Userkaf. Ventikiev was the first to suggest that the title mwt nswt bity nswt bity should be read as "The Mother of two Kings of Upper and Lower Egypt". Junker believed that the universe of the pyramid town suggested that Khentkaus was a very important person and that the title should be taken as "the King of Upper and Lower Egypt and the Mother of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt". He advised that she was the girl of Menkaure and the sister of Shepseskaf.
Borchardt evoked that Shepseskaf was a commoner who married the kings girl Khentkaus. He encourage thought that Sahure and Neferirkare Kakai were boys of Shepseskaf and Khentkaus. Borchardt supposed that Userkaf was an foreigner who was able to take the throne because Sahure and Neferirkare were likewise young to climb up the throne when Shepseskaf died. Grdseloff proposed that Shepseskaf and Khentkaus were the son and girl of Menkaure, and that Userkaf was a prince form a collateral branch of the royal family who came to the throne when he married the royal widow woman and mother of the heirs to the throne Khentkaus.
Altenmller suggested that Khentkaus was none other than the lady Redjedjet named in the Westcar Papyrus. He indicated that Khentkaus was the mother of Userkaf, Sahure and Neferirkare Kakai. Kozloff supposed that Shepseskaf was the son of Menkaure with a small wife who related the throne later the death of the Kings Son Khuenre. Shepseskaf married Menkaures daughter Khentkaus. Upon the earlier death of Shepseskaf, Khentkaus married the high Priest of Re to guarantee the throne for her two sons.
Callender took the fact that Khentkaus name never come out in a cartouche to mean that she never ruled Egypt. Instead she preferred to read the mwt nswt bity nswt bity title as the mother of two Kings of Upper and Lower Egypt. She considered Khentkaus had to be a daughter of Menkaure and the wife of either Shepseskaf or Thampthis. She showed to Userkaf and Neferirkare as the 2 sons named to as the sons of Khentkaus in her title. Khentkaus was buried in Giza. Her tomb is noted as LG 100 and G 8400 and is set in the central field, Giza which is section of the Giza Necropolis. The pyramid complex of Khentkaus takes her pyramid, a boat pit, a Valley Temple and a pyramid town.
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| Depicting for Khentkaus from her tomb |
The chapel comprised of a extended hall and an secret chapel. A passage cut in the floor of the inner chapel results to the burial chamber. The floor of the chapel was covered in Tura limestone. The walls were covered in relief, but the scenes are very seriously hurt. ease fragments were saw in the debris when the tomb was unearthed by Selim Hassan. The passage to the burial chamber and the chamber itself were lined with red granite. The passage is 5.6 m long and comes below the essential structure of the pyramid. The burial chamber is great and most nearly resembles the burial chamber of King Shepseskaf in Saqqara. The burial chamber perhaps housed an alabaster sarcophagus, many pieces were found in the sand and rubble that filled the chamber. also in the chamber held a small scarab made of a brown color limestone. Its craftsmanship leads to the belief that it is from the 12th dynasty. It leads some to trust that her tomb was reused for other later tombs.
The solar boat is set to the south-west of the pyramid. A pit measuring some 30.25 m long and 4.25 m deep was cut into the rock. The prow and stern of the boat were upraised and the boat appears to have had a roof. It may represent the night-boat of the sun-god Ra. If so there may be an accompanying day-boat. Immediately to the eastside of the pyramid lies a pyramid city. The city is laid out on several streets which separate the city into groups of houses. These houses had their own magazines and granaries. The city was builded from unbaked mud-brick, and surfaces were extended in a yellow plaster. The city was likely the home of the priests and retainers of the pyramid complex. The pyramid city was reconstructed towards the end of the 4th or start of the 5th dynasty and appears to have been operation well into the 6th dynasty.
A causeway connects the pyramid chapel to the valley temple of Khentkaus. The temple lies hot to the valley temple of Menkaure which suggests a close kinship between Khentkaus and Menkaure. Before of the temple a small structure referred to as the "washing tent of Queen Khentkaus" was named. This structure was the location where the body of the passed queen would have been taken to be purified before being embalmed. The debris filling this chamber held many fragments of stone vases, potsherds and flint instrumentate. The floor is the opening of a limestone drain which runs downward under the ground for a distance of 720 m., emptying into a large, rectangular lavatory. The drain is covered by arched sections of the same material, the whole forming an nearly circular stone pipe. Though by no means the oldest subterranean water-channel known in Egyptian funerary architecture, checking to Hassan, it is the earliest of this particular type and structure.
The valley temple of Khentkaus and Menkaure were both partially manufactured of mud-brick and gone with white limestone and alabaster. The essential entrance is set on the northern lateral which is a departure form the more common situation where the great entrance is placed to the east. Entering the Valley temple from the important entrance, you would walk up a wide brick-paved causeway which chalks up from the valley in a westerly direction. The doorway was embroidered with a portico held up by two columns. Once you enter the doorway, The doorway opens into a vestibule, the roof of which was based upon 4 columns. nearly the room access a statue of King Khafra (father of Menkaure) once stood. rests of a statue of a king (possibly Khafra) and the personify of a sphinx statue were saw in the vestibule of the temple. The hall opens up to a court which in turn led to the magazines.
Recent Posts:
· Akhlane
· Medicine in Ancient Egypt
· Kemsit
· Akhmin (Khemmis)
· Ancient Egyptian Surgery
· Khenemsu
· Ancient Egyptian Doctors
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
· Khensuhotep
· Nefat
Nefat
Nefat was a site south of Thebes, plausibly modern el-Muallah. based close Tod, Nefat served as a necropolis area for the First Intermediate Period (2134-2040 B.C.E.) nomarchs of the region. The tombs of Ankhtify and Sobekhotep were dug the rocky drop-off at Nefat.
Recent Posts:
· Akhlane
· Medicine in Ancient Egypt
· Kemsit
· Akhmin (Khemmis)
· Ancient Egyptian Surgery
· Khenemsu
· Ancient Egyptian Doctors
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
· Khensuhotep
Recent Posts:
· Akhlane
· Medicine in Ancient Egypt
· Kemsit
· Akhmin (Khemmis)
· Ancient Egyptian Surgery
· Khenemsu
· Ancient Egyptian Doctors
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
· Khensuhotep
Khensuhotep
Khensuhotep was the source of the Maxims. The Maxims were a religious literary text of the Eighteenth Dynasty (1550-1307 B.C.E.). Khensuhotep covered his fellow Egyptians and inspired them to recall that the gods honored silent prayer and decreed right behavior (Maat) in all creatures. The Maxims were popular passim the Nile Valley.
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· Khedebneitheret
· Akhlane
· Medicine in Ancient Egypt
· Kemsit
· Akhmin (Khemmis)
· Ancient Egyptian Surgery
· Khenemsu
· Ancient Egyptian Doctors
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
Recent Posts:
· Khedebneitheret
· Akhlane
· Medicine in Ancient Egypt
· Kemsit
· Akhmin (Khemmis)
· Ancient Egyptian Surgery
· Khenemsu
· Ancient Egyptian Doctors
· Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
Nectanebo II (380-363 BC)
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| The hieroglyphic name of Nectanebo II |
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| Isis with Nectanebo II from the Serapeum of Saqqara |
Nectanebo evaporates at this point, though he may have extended some sort of clear status in Nubia for a while. The vague rebel leader, Khababash, may have based him before himself being glorified king for a brief period.
One final legend clings to Nectanebos name. According to some ancient sources it was trusted that he was the regular father of Alexander the extended, having visited olympias, Alexanders mother, during one of Phillip II's standard absences; both Olympias and Alexander preferred to claim Amun as Alexanders father. However, the preceding of Amun having adopted the individual, the king, as saw by his presumption of the physical form of King Thutmose II to engender King Amenhotep III (1382-1344), should not be forgot.
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· Nectanebo I (380-363 BC)
· Khedebneitheret
· Akhlane
· Medicine in Ancient Egypt
· Kemsit
· Akhmin (Khemmis)
· Ancient Egyptian Surgery
· Khenemsu
· Ancient Egyptian Doctors