Senusret I

King Senusret I (1971BC-1926BC), the second pharaoh of the dynasty 12. His father is Amenemhat I, and Nefertitanen was his wife, but Neferu was his sister and wife also, Neferu is the mother of Amenemhat II who successed Senusret I. In his rule the Residence city was constituted at el-Lisht.

Some historians thought that Senusret I is the pharaoh who arrogated Sarai for his wife, and they think that Sarai was Saenusret’s enatic half-sister (as well as being Abraham’s paternal half-sister) and it was common apply for Egyptian pharaohs to marry their (half-) sisters in order to advancement the kingship through the female line. But all that is Just a guess, and the fact is unknown as yet.

Senusret I Militarily Affairs:

Militarily amours, Senusret I pressed in Egypt Nubia (New Sudan) all the direction to the 3rd cataract and as well Constituted the avid fortress of Buhen. He exploited quarries and mines and ascertained the havens of the Libyan Desert and the imaginations in the Sinai. He constructed Kermeh fort in Egypt Nubia and determined operations at the mines of Wadi Halfa as well as regional diorite quarries. Copper was mined inward Wadi Hudi, and red granite was adopted of a quarry south of Aswan Egypt.

Senusret I wasn't concerned in sweeping conquest and confined his causes to the defence force of Egypt’s borders and to the development of usable resources. He also advertised trade with Crete and other Aegean islets and with Palestine and Syria.

The literary in the reign of Senusret I:

Elsewhere my belief that Egyptian literary documents should be allotted to the date to which they purport to belong, unless cogent argues can be adduced to the contrary‘. Both on general and exceptional grounds, hence, it seems probgble that the story of Sinuhe was written in the reign of Sesostris I, and is therefore contemporary with the events that it associates.

The form of the tale so intimately resembles other autobiographies that have been ascertained on the walls of tombs that it seems quite likely that its nucleus may be calculated from the tomb of a real Sinulie, who had led a life of adventure in Palestine and was afterward buried at Lisht’. Needless to say we are here on high-risk ground, and in such a casing no proof or disproof is strictly possible, unless an astonishing chance should bushel to us the tomb of Sinuhe himself. Even in this case we should doubtless find that literary elaboration had greatly changed the expression and the character of the archetype narrative, so that in its ceased state the story could not claim to be‘ more than “founded on fact”.The story of Sinuhe is evenhandedly straightforward.1 It portrays him addressing from his tomb and narrating events in his life. Sinuhe was a Middle Kingdom Egyptian official of the 12th dynasty (1938-1756 B.C.) who fled Egypt to Syria. As a custodial of Amenemhet’s harem, he went on an expedition to Libya. When he learned of the Pharaoh’s assassination he took flight, either because he was a coconspirator or as he dreaded false accusals. In all events, winds on the Nile blew him northward and he wandered through Palestine and Lebanon. He finally settled in southern Syria and married the oldest daughter of a captain in the region. Some years after, Pharaoh Sesostris I welcomed Sinuhe back to Egypt. The king forgave him and granted him gifts. From that point forward, Sinuhe remained in Egypt and was accorded an estimable burial.One tale of the dandiest Egyptian literary works were written on the age of Senusret I: "The Instructions of Amenemhet" and "The Story of Sinuhe". The former was written by Amenemhet I to his heir son Senusret I. The deceased Pharaoh assured his son in a dream that he was murdered by a bodyguard. He also warned Senusret not to become to close to anybody. Being Pharaoh was so a lonely job.

Building of Senusret I:

Within Egypt, he was a fecund builder, freshening up the temple of Re-Atum in Heliopolis. The famous white chapel appointments to his reign, and he is accredited with building the burden of the Karnak Composite itself. He likewise raised two obelisks there. Senusret I was active in restoring the Faiyum Egypt region, adding up to the irrigational memorials there.

He established a temple to Sekhmet-Hathor at IMU, today known as Kom el-Hisn, the Mound of the Fort, in the Delta. The temple was rectangular and arrested a bark chapel and Columns. He is as well credited with constructing 35 separate religious structures from the Faiyum of Egypt to the Delta. A stone stela built for a temple in Heliopolis and dating to Senusret I’s rule was copied by a scribe assisting king Amenhotep III (1391–1353). 5 hundred years old when copied, the stela disappeared. The copy argues a text in the form of a poem, rattling answering as a temple dedication commemorative an improver Established by Senwosret I, afforded with other elaborate Contributions.

The pedagogies of Amenemhet I date as well to his rule. His father was alleged to have dictated the Commands, a text that warns of the endangers of a weak monarch. This act is also known as Amenemhet’s directions or the Testament of Amenemhet.

Obelisk Senusert I:

Senusert I's Obelisk

Standing Stone in Lower Egypt (North)

The Obelisk (Obelisk art) of Senusert I at Mataria in the East of the Capital Cairo. Date to 12th Dynasty of the Middle Kingdom dynasties.

The obelisk consisted to the On sun temple, differently know as Heliopolis to the Greece and romans.

Pyramid of Senusret I:

The Pyramid of Senusret I

The Pyramid of Senusret I was established in the age of the dynasty 12 in Lisht city, close the pyramid of Amenemhat I (his father)

It's have 4 faces pyramid, the height of the pyramid is 61.25 ms, and it's 105 ms in any side of it. Senusert I’ pyramid at Lisht in Upper Egypt which anybody can travel there by train or by Nile River cruise.


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Narmer (Menes)

Kom el-Hisn

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Abydos Fleet

Dendera (Inuit) 

Narmer (Menes)

Narmer or King Menes was the first Egyptian pharaoh. He was united the two parts of Egypt lands which was called Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt. With that united Menes established the Old Kingdom in 3100 BC. The discover of his tomb was in 1897. There is believe that Menes ruled 62 years and the legend told that he killed by a hippopotamus.

Some historical records for Egyptian and Greece describe a period of civilization with a united Egypt under the King Menes in 3000 BC. While we often think of Egyptain civilization as suddenly flowering from nothing, and then the immediately building of the pyramids, there is a long prior period during which the Nile Valley was brought into cultivation, and societies and governments developed. This prior period encompassed the 0th and 1st Dynasties. It included the legendary kings. See Cartouche of Narmer and the other pharaohs here

Because the Nile River Valley became more settled, and the society life and communities grew into small towns and cities, a more complex mathematical system became necessary. With all things considered, it is no surprise that by the timeline of the First Dynasty we see the use of mathematical place values well into the thousands. The Pharaoh Narmer (also called King Mena or King Menes) united Tawi (the Two-Lands of Kemet) and was the founder of the dynasties. Of course, the concept of a pharaoh and dynasties came before Narmer from the Ta-Seti Nubia regions. The Narmer Palette, although simple, is very revealing.

Thus, some Egyptologists list Narmer as the first ruler of Dynasty 1 while others give the honor to Aha, placing the “Scorpion King” and Narmer in Dynasty 0. The First and Second Dynasties are generally referred to as the Archaic Period of Egypt. Perhaps Narmer was the first king in the world who united his home and establish strong empire.

Narmer palette:

King Narmer seem to be the pharaoh who united the two lands of Egypt based primarily on a shield-shaped sculpture called the Narmer Palette (one of the most attractions of ancient Egypt arts) that has been dated to 3150 – 3125 BC. The front side of the Narmer Palette shows King Narmer wearing the White Crown of Upper Egypt in the act of striking an enemy from the marshlands. The rear side shows Narmer wearing the Red Crown of Lower Egypt (the Nile delta) as he inspects the bodies of headless enemies. When the Narmer Palette discovered?

King Narmer palette

The important of Narmer palette:

The Egyptian plaque or the palette of Narmer showing him wearing the White garland of Upper Egypt and the Red garland of Lower Egypt is believed to indicate that Narmer united Upper and Lower Egypt into a universal state. Other historical data indicates his central importance. Since the Narmer Palette has been dated to 3150 – 3125 BC we have chosen 3157 BC as the beginning of the universal state of a predynastic period that we will call Nile River civilization.

This palette show that Cloth and writing came at the same time, about 3000 B.C.E. That when Narmer (or Menes) of Upper Egypt (upriver to the south) conquered Lower Egypt (downriver to the north), thus unifying the kingdom. A large commemorative stone shows him about to bonk his kneeling rival over the head.

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Djoser (2687-2668 BC)

King Djoser (2687-2668 BC), was the first pharaoh in the third dynasty as many scholars believed. They also think that queen Nimaethap was his mother and Khasekhemwy was his father.

Djoser may have fixed the southern bounders of Egypt in his reign. He also sent some expeditions to Sinai because the local inhabitants were subdued there.

Djoser’s reign lasted only 18 years, yet is remarkable in that it ushered in Egypt’s ‘golden age’ of monumental architecture. Not only were he and Imhotep able to organise the massive workforce required for building the pyramid, but they also initiated a belief that the pharaoh had eternal existence.

The step pyramid at Saqqara

During the reign of Djoser in the third dynasty (refer to the Cheat Sheet for a timeline), Egypt is said to have experienced seven years of famine because of particularly low annual floods. The pharaoh was held responsible for the situation because he was an intermediary between the people and the gods, and the famine was seen as punishment from the gods for the pharaoh not doing his job.

On the Island of Sehel in the south of Egypt, Ptolemy V (204–181 BC) commissioned a stela recording this famine and Djoser’s actions. Imhotep, the builder of the step pyramid, traced the source of the Nile to the island of Elephantine and the caves of Khnum.

He assured Djoser that renewed worship of Khnum would start the floods again. Khnum then appeared to Djoser in a dream. Djoser awoke and was pleased at the message. He passed a decree of an increase of taxes to be paid to the temple of Khnum The Step Pyramid. In Saqqara where any one can travel by train, also the one can get there by taxi or by bus.

Thutmose I

His name Thutmose, written by the Greeks Thotraosis, means "Thut's child", I have already called attention to its meaning according to its derivation. The victories and wars of this king, who for the first time undertook a campaign in the East as far as the banks of the Euphrates, constitute the principal events of his history so far as the contemporary and later monuments have transmitted them to us. The inscription we have already noticed from the tomb of the chief of the sailors Aahmes, mentions next a campaign of King Thutmose I. Against the country of Khont-Hon-nofer, or “the nearer Hon-nofer” Perhaps I may be allowed on this occasion to offer a few words of explanation. The lands on the South of Egypt, as well as their inhabitants, were designated in general terms as a mixture of dusky coloured races, known according to their situation, by particular names, which perhaps varied at different epochs. The countries which bordered on Egypt from the first cataract as far as Mount Barkal to the south, bore the general appellation of Ta-khont, or “the land of Khont” the capital of which (with its very celebrated temple of Amon) was Napata, situated at “the holy mountain,” Mount Barkal. The name of Khont-Hon-nofer, as appears to us, comprehended on the other hand, all the countries of the African continent, and included the countries and peoples situated to the West of the Nile as far as the Libyan north coast, while the expression Kush was confined to those regions which we at the present day call the Sudan. On a tract of this enormous extent there lived an almost innumerable mass of tribes, who belonged to an original pure ancient African stock, which we still at this day find in these countries; the black and brown negro races called Nahasi on the monuments. Among these, from the side of the sea, lighter coloured races of Semitic or Kushite origin had thrust themselves, who in the course of ages had settled in the valleys of the mountain districts between the Nile and Red Sea, the so-called An of Ta-Khont, which a later memorial of the time of the Ptolemies calls by the name of the Senti. In alluding to the situation of these countries and the habitations of these peoples, we have in our works substituted for the Egyptian appellations Ta-Khont and Kush the better known names Nubia and Ethiopia, for Nahasi the term Negro, and for An the term "Kushites". To all these nations the Nile afforded the only great waterway, on which the hosts of the Pharaohs were transported to effect their landings at the harbours, in order to follow the enemy into the interior of their empire. In spite of all the efforts of the inhabitants in these remote parts of the world, to beard the Egyptian kings and to destroy the monuments of the Pharaohs, so as annihilate all memorial of their tyrants, there are still traces enough left to give us information about the supremacy of the Egyptian kings in these countries. The name of Thutmose I. is not wanting here. The inscriptions on the rocks in the neighbourhood of the waterfalls of Kerman, in sight of Tombos, between the 20th and the 19th degree of latitude, have preserved the remembrance of the great deeds of this king. The longest of them, with the date of the fifteenth day of the month Paophi, of the second year of the reign of this Pharaoh, exalts to heaven the praises of the warlike activity of the first Thutmose, and relates in a long succession the general names of the conquered peoples, who in the south as well as in the north were subjected to his supremacy. The holy letters which are engraved on the stone relate how Thutmose I had taken possession of the throne of Horus, to extend the boundary marks of the Thebais,' how 'in the territory of the Theban quarter of the town called Khefti-nib-s, the inhabitants of the desert (Heru-sha), and the Aaraoo and all foreign nations are obliged to work, how bowed down are the northern people of Khebau-nib, and extinguished are the Agabot (Libyans), how 'now peace is there, since the inhabitants of the southern lands were driven downwards and the northern people were driven upwards, and how they altogether subjected themselves to the king, how the inhabitants of the wiser country hastened to Pharaoh to bow before his throne how he smote the king of An (the Kushites), and the negroes, how the An of Nubia were hewed in pieces and scattered all over their lands, and how their stink filled the valleys Then the inscription continues. The lords of the great king's house have made a frontier watch of his war people, that they might not be over-ridden by the foreign peoples; they have assembled like the panther against the bull. He remains still; he is blinded. Even to the uttermost end of his realm is the king come; he has reached his extreme boundary through his mighty arm. He sought the struggle, but found it not, which might have offered him resistance. He opened the valleys, which had remained unknown to his forefathers, and which had never beheld the wearer of the double crown. His southern boundary mark was at the beginning of this land, the northern boundary at that water where the traveler downwards turns for his upward journey. Never was this the case under any other king Then the inscription concludes with the words: The land in its complete extent lay at the feet of the king. The office of a governor of the Southern land or of Kush, mention of which is henceforwards more and more frequently made, to which the real king's sons (the so-called king's sons of Kush) laid claim, was mentioned for the first time under the rule of Thutmose I. On the wall of the temple at Semne there is represented an official called Nehi, of the time of Thutmose I, who had won his spurs under Aahmes and Thutmose I. and was raised by the latter king to this new dignity. And in fact, the riches of Nubia and Ethiopia made it at all times important for the Pharaohs to secure the possession of these countries, and by governors to carry on the administration and to collect the revenues. In the course of trade, as also in consequence of the never-ending plundering wars, which were undertaken against the obstinate resistance of these dusky races, there floated, coming from the south down stream, richly laden ships freighted with cattle and rare animals, panther skins, ivory, ebony, other costly woods, balsam, and sweet-smelling resin, gold and precious stones, corn, and lastly, negroes in almost countless numbers, to fill the temples and adorn the palaces of Pharaoh. In the mines of the scorching valleys of the country of Wawa there languished prisoners and negro slaves, who out of deep gullies loosened the gold sprinkled stone from the rocks, crushed it in mills, and with unspeakable pains washed out the particles o gold. Egyptian men-at-arms and foreign soldiers under their captains kept close watch, and looked after the complete fulfilling of the day's work. Where now in our day to the traveler from the banks of the river the temples filled with sand, and the towns and fortresses present themselves drearily on the miserable desolate sides of the narrow Nubian valleys, and a wretched people struggle with want and necessity, and is scarcely able to gain from the scanty soil sufficient to maintain themselves and their cattle, and the date palm alone or in groves 6tretches heavenward its proud head as the only representative of the cheerful green tree world and is overtopped in the background by the dark masses of rock of the long broken mountain chain, there, thirty-four centuries ago was presented to the eye of the wanderer a picture of active life. In the villages, which were placed in the neighborhood of the temple of the country, there dwelt an industrious dusky population, to whom the Egyptian corn stores delivered the sustenance, which the soil of their own home denied them. The service of the temple, and the neighborhood of the Egyptian fortresses and the frontier guards of Pharaoh, gave them profit enough to support themselves and their cattle. The sailor folk, well experienced in the dangerous cataracts of the Upper Nile, exercised their calling in the service of the king's generals and merchants. These also gained the reward of their labor. On feast days the crowd, bent on piety or amusement, flocked to the stone-built houses of the Gods, or to the grottos of the divine ones, and enjoyed themselves in the pomp of “the Holy Fathers” cheerfully performing the duty of carrying on their shoulders, or in their hands, the golden barks with their divine inhabitants, and exhibiting them to the devout inhabitants of the country surrounding the Temple. If Pharaoh reached the Nubian country in his richly-adorned Nile ship, in whose sails of costly byssus the north wind blew with full power during his day journey upwards, and at night brought to his ship in the harbours, there was no end to the wonder and admiration, the joy and the hurras, for on the part of the king and his exalted courtiers there were rich and gracious gifts to the inhabitants. It answered well to the kings to leave behind them generous presents, so that the inhabitants might learn that the Pharaoh was the father and benefactor of his subjects. These dusky-coloured men might well sing that wonderful song of praise to the king which a rock grotto at Silsilis has preserved for us down to the present day, and the literal translation of which is contained in the following lines: "Hail to thee king of Egypt. Sun of the foreign peoples I Thy name is great in the land of Kush, Where thy war cry resounded thro'. The dwellings of men. Great is thy power Thou beneficent ruler. It puts to shame the peoples. The Pharaoh Life, salvation health to him. He is a shining sun". After Thutmose I, in the first year of his government, had undertaken his campaign by water against Nubia and Kush, and had fixed the boundaries of his empire to the south, and had returned laden with a rich booty to his home in Egypt, it seemed to him that the favourable moment had arrived to send forward his experienced troops to the east, to attack in their own homes the ancient hereditary enemies of the country, the hated inhabitants of Western Asia. The great war of vengeance against Asia now began, which for nearly 500 years was carried on by succeeding Pharaohs with almost uninterrupted good fortune. Before we follow the wars of King Thutmose, it appears fitting carefully to survey the theatre of the coining important campaigns, and to become acquainted with the peoples and cities whose names from this time forward will constantly come under our notice.

Amenhotep II

King Amenhotep II the son of Thutmosis IV. Amenhotep II came to the throne of Egypt at age 12 years and ruled for 38 years. During his reign, Egypt’s power and influence was drastically reduced. The Hatti (Hittites) attacked the Mitanni and seized Mitanni and Egyptian territorities The Mitanni repeatedly appealed to Egypt to fulfill its treaty obligations, but Egypt would not respond.

Amenhotep II

Cartouche of Amenhotep II: You can see his cartouche on his crown (on the front of it), which the symbol of Tiy.

From 382 tablets discovered at Tell el-Amarna there were similar appeals from Labayu (Lion of Yahweh) king of Schechem and Abduheba on the throne of Jerusalem. They complain of the invading Habiru and demand that Egypt send military support.

Amenhotep II built no new temples or other monumental works. In fact, the only notable change during his reign was a growth in Egyptian art, an indication of looking inward, not that of an expanding empire.

Scholars believed that he was 44 years when he died. Related Posts: Thutmose IV Djoser (2687-2668 BC) Narmer (Menes)