Maatkare IV

Maatkare IV was the royal woman of the Twenty-second Dynasty. She was the affiliate of osorkon II (883-855 B.C.E.) but was  not  the  mother  of  the  heritor.  She  was  potential a princess of the royal line and of Libyan descent.

Recent Posts:

·        Maatkare I
·        Maatkare II
·        Maatkare III
·        Nakht I
·        The Capture of Joppa
·        Aamu
·        Julius Caesar
·        Nakht II
·        Jewelry in Ancient Egypt
·        Nakhthoreb
·         Jupiter Ammon
·         Aaru

Aaru

Hieroglyphic name of Aaru

Aaru was a mystical place related to Egyptian funerary cults and discovered as a subject or garden in Amenti, the Westward, it was  the  legendary  heaven  awaiting  the  Egyptian  dead found precious of much an universe

Reed fields as a paradise for the Egyptian

beyond the grave. The West  was  another  term  for  Amenti,  a  spiritual  destination. Aaru was a vision of eternal bliss as a watery place, prosperous with airs, and engaged with lush blooms and other  delights.  Some  paradises  due  the  Egyptians beyond the essential if they were learned precious of much circumstances.  The  mortuary rituals were  provided  to  the gone to enable them to earn such eternal wages.

Recent Posts:



·        Nakht I
·        The Capture of Joppa
·        Aamu
·        Maatkare II
·        Julius Caesar
·        Nakht II
·        Jewelry in Ancient Egypt
·        Aa Nefer (Onouphis)
·        Maatkare III
·        Nakhthoreb
·        Jupiter Ammon

Jupiter Ammon

Jupiter Ammon

Ammon: name of a Libyan immortal and his oracle in an oasis in Egypt's western desert. It became famous after Alexander the Great made a detour to consult the god. The contemporary figure of the oasis is Siwa.

The god Ammon, who is ordinarily shown with the horns of a ram, was initially feared by Libyan defect tribes only. He may have been related to Ba'al Hammon, a god of the Semitic hoi polloi (e.g., the Phoenicians and Carthaginians). However, this is just a hypothesis, based on the law of similarity of the names only, and we can not be really certain about the stock of this cult - as is almost always the instance when we talk about an aspect of ancient  religious belief.

The cult was taken over by the Egyptians, who named the god with their superb god Amun; they called god of the oracle "Amun of Siwa, lord of great counsel". The first pharaoh said to have given to this god was Bocchoris (r.718-712), but the report, which was composed in the second century CE by the Roman author Tacitus, is gone and belongs to a rather alleged text; as a moment, we can not be certain that it is true. note It is quoted here.

Another substance was the Macedonian town Aphythis,  Macedonian  A satellite picture of the oracle in Siwa can be got here. prince Alexander must have seen the When he had Siwa. corresponding to Arrian of Nicomedia, Alexander did this because he favorite to imitate his identified antecedents Perseus and Heracles. This is an left couple: Perseus never did a role in Alexander's propaganda. Yet, since the 5th century, Perseus was reputed the ascendent of the Achaemenids, the Persian royal house; and everybody known that the Macedonian kings settled from Heracles. Pursuing in the footsteps of Heracles and Perseus was thus, in a sense, a religious searching to the conquering of the Achaemenid empire.

It is manageable that Alexander had already started to revere Ammon, because during the sack of the Greek town of Thebes, he ordered that the house of Pindar had to be spared. On the other hand, there is no prove that Alexander worshiped the ram-god before he seen Siwa.

However this may be, the result was important: Alexander was recognise as Ammon's son, and started to trust that he was a demi-god indeed. affiliated to an confessedly hostile source, Ephippus of Olynthus, Alexander sometimes worn the horns of his powerful father Ammon on public affairs. We can not got the truth of this story, but it is certain that straightaway after his death, he was described in this fashion.

In the Zoroastrian tradition, Alexander was taken to be an associate of the evil spirit, the lasting touch of the Persian supreme god Ahuramazda. Ever since, the devil is described with ram's legs and horns.

Another noted visitor was the Carthaginian large Hannibal, who taken the oracle that he given be immersed at Libyssa, which Hannibal knew as a town in Africa. However, it released out that there was a town in Bithynia with the same name, and this was indeed Hannibal's burying place, as the historian Appian of Alexandria spells in his History of the Syrian wars.

In the Roman years, the oracle was not really overlooked, but there were not many visitors. Yet, the god, now identified as Jupiter-Hammon, was still super standard. The emperor Augustus old images of the god in the forum he gave to Mars the Avenger in Rome, and the soldiers of the Third legion Cyrenaica were particularly fond of Ammon.

The cult had now spread as far as the river Rhine, far away from the god's Egyptian home of birth. This can be exemplified by the proud bust of Ammon, which was observed at Lechenich near Bonn in Germany.

Recent Posts:



·        Maatkare I
·        Nakht I
·        The Capture of Joppa
·        Aamu
·        Maatkare II
·        Julius Caesar
·        Nakht II
·        Jewelry in Ancient Egypt
·        Aa Nefer (Onouphis)
·        Maatkare III
·        Nakhthoreb

Nakhthoreb

Hieroglyphic name of Nakhthoreb

Nakhthoreb (d. 343 B.C.E.), or Nectanebo II, plausibly the last ruler of the Thirtieth Dynasty. He  was  slain  or  sworn  by  the  Persians,  who  started their  second  period of business on the  Nile in  343 B.C.E. A  magnificent  sarcophagus thought  for Nakhthorebs burial
was discovered in Alexandria. During  his  reign  he  set up  a  temple  observances  Osiris and attended  Apis in  the  Serapeum district  at  Saqqara. The Persians  over  this  royal  line  but  were  sure  to  touch Alexander III the Great (332-323 B.C.E.) and to lose Egypt and their gone imperial areas forever.

Head of Nakhthoreb

Recent Posts:
 

·        Maatkare I
·        Nakht I
·        The Capture of Joppa
·        Aamu
·        Maatkare II
·        Julius Caesar
·        Nakht II
·        Jewelry in Ancient Egypt
·        Aa Nefer (Onouphis)
·        Maatkare III

Maatkare III

Maatkare III was the royal woman of the 22nd Dynasty. She was plausibly the daughter of Shoshenq I and was the run of Osorkon I (924-909 B.C.E.), her brother. Her boys were Shoshenq II and Takelot II. She was future the namesake of Maatkare II and a Libyan.

Recent Posts:



·         Aahset
·         Jackal in Ancient Egypt
·         Al-Maadi
·         Nagada (Naqada)
·         Judgment Halls of Osiris
·         Aakh
·         Maat Hornefrure
·         Judicial Papyrus of Turin
·        Nakhsebasteru
·        Aametju
·        Joppa
·        Maatkare I
·        Nakht I
·        The Capture of Joppa
·        Aamu
·        Maatkare II
·        Julius Caesar
·        Nakht II
·        Jewelry in Ancient Egypt
·       Aa Nefer (Onouphis)

Aa Nefer (Onouphis)

Aa Nefer (Onouphis) was a devoted bull revered in divine rites taken in Erment (Hermonthis), south of  Thebes.  The  animal  was  affiliated  with  the  god Montu and with  the  BuchisUCHIS copper  in  cultic  ceremonies and was sometimes addressed Onouphis. The Aa Nefer bull was chosen by priests for purity of breed, typical coloring, effectiveness, and mystical marks. The name Aa Neferis read as Beautiful in Appearance. In rituals, the bull was attired in a big cape, with a necklace and a peak. During the Assyrian and Persian periods of occupation (c. 671 and 525-404/343-332 B.C.E.), the devoted bulls  of  Egypt  were  sometimes  destroyed  by  foreign rulers or reputable as religious symbols. Alexander III the Great, arriving  in  Egypt  in  332 B.C.E., fixed  the  blessed  bulls  to  the  body politic  temples after  the  Persian  line of work.  The  Ptolemaic rulers (304-30 B.C.E.)  pleased  the  show  of  the  bulls  as Theophanies of the Nile deities,  following  Alexanders exercise. The Romans, already familiar with such animals in the Mithraic cult, did not curb them when Egypt became a province of the empire in 30 B.C.E.

Recent Posts:



·         Aahset
·         Jackal in Ancient Egypt
·         Al-Maadi
·         Nagada (Naqada)
·         Judgment Halls of Osiris
·         Aakh
·         Maat Hornefrure
·         Judicial Papyrus of Turin
·        Nakhsebasteru
·        Aametju
·        Joppa
·        Maatkare I
·        Nakht I
·        The Capture of Joppa
·        Aamu
·        Maatkare II
·        Julius Caesar
·        Nakht II
·        Jewelry in Ancient Egypt

Jewelry in Ancient Egypt

The most common cases of jewelry in ancient Egypt were bangles, anklets, necklaces, rings, and belts, likewise as chest pieces. Egyptians did not clothing earrings until the New Kingdom, when the best ones were exotic from Asia. Beginning  in  the Predynastic Period  and continuing throughout Egypt's history, jewelry might be given as an present to worthy souls or given as an offering to the gods or to the late in religious rituals.

Scarab, Eye of Horus, Sun Disk

Gold was the near favorite material for jewelry among the upper classes, while wood, plant fibers, and other easily clear  materials  were  old  by  the  poor. Gold jewelry was normally decorated with valuable and worth stones often chose on the foundation of their color, since unique colors had various symbolic substances. In addition, numerous items of jewelry had religious symbols etched on  them. For Instance, scarab starting (a symbol of the sun and of rebirth),  the  cobra  (a  symbolisation  of  kingship), and the solar disk (a symbolization of the sun god) all come along among the more than 150 pieces of jewelry found in the tomb of King Tutankhamun.

Pectoral of Senwosret II

In addition to being nonstructural, jewelry was worn by the living to indicate status; the more large the piece of jewelry, the richer and more powerful the person bearing it. Not amazingly, then, the most lavish jewelry has been seen in the tombs of kings and their family members. Among the most serious finds in this regard were a series of Twelfth Dynasty tombs of princesses. One was that of Princess Sithathoriunet, a daughter of King  Senwosret II,  whose  tomb  taken five large boxes of jewelry as well as cosmetics and other physical items. Another of the king's daughters, Princess Sathathor, had a great elry as well, taking on a belt with two shell halves that played as a buckle whenfit  together.

Recent Posts:


·         Aahset
·         Jackal in Ancient Egypt
·         Al-Maadi
·         Nagada (Naqada)
·         Judgment Halls of Osiris
·         Aakh
·         Maat Hornefrure
·         Judicial Papyrus of Turin
·        Nakhsebasteru
·        Aametju
·        Joppa
·        Maatkare I
·        Nakht I
·        The Capture of Joppa
·        Aamu
·        Maatkare II
·        Julius Caesar
·       Nakht II

Nakht II

Men and women from the tomb of Nakht II

Nakht II was a priestly  official  and court astronomer of the Eighteenth Dynasty. He attended Tuthmosis IV (1401-1391 B.C.E.) as a priest-astronomer and as the chief steward of the royal granaries and vineyards. Nakht charted astronomical varieties that related to the agricultural tempers on the Nile. some astronomical ceremonies  were  vital  to  the  inundation preparations  each  year,  as  the  flooding  Nile  inundated entire regions of the valley and moved countless numbers of Egyptians.

His tomb at Sheikh Abdel-qurna in Thebes is identified for  its  paintings,  although  the  Expression  is  small.  Tawi, Nakhts wife, was a chantress in the temple of Amun, and she  widespread  Nakhts  tomb.  The  painting  of  the  Blind Harper gives Nakhts tomb great. Other paintings depict banquets and daily numbers. The eyes of Nakht in such portrayals were scratched out, an bring that the Egyptians  trusted  would  provide  him  blind  in  the  lands beyond  the  grave.  This  vandalism  indicates  Nakhts  come from ability or the front of a essential enemy in the realm.

Recent Posts:



·         Aahset
·         Jackal in Ancient Egypt
·         Al-Maadi
·         Nagada (Naqada)
·         Judgment Halls of Osiris
·         Aakh
·         Maat Hornefrure
·         Judicial Papyrus of Turin
·        Nakhsebasteru
·        Aametju
·        Joppa
·        Maatkare I
·        Nakht I
·        The Capture of Joppa
·        Aamu
·        Maatkare II
·        Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar

Statue of Julius Caesar

Julius Caesar was a Roman political leader and large who played a critical role in the outcomes that led to the dying of the Roman Republic and the break of the Roman Empire. He is as well famous as a notable author of Latin prose. When Gaius Julius Caesar was born, the ahead man in Rome was Gaius Marius, who had saved the Roman democracy some years before by overcoming two Germanic tribes, the Teutones (102) and the Cimbri (101). The connectors between the Marius and the Julius families were very particular: Marius was married to a sister of Caesar's father, Julia. then, Caesar gone to an influential family.

His generations called Marius a popularis. It is dirty what this label means (for some guesses), but contemporary historians tend to believe that it means that Marius tried to reach his political aims through the People's Assembly. The several group, the optimates, played the governmental game in the Senate. When Caesar was still an baby, Marius dark lots of his earlier popularity, and eventually left Rome to travel in Greece and Asia Minor, hoping for some new require. But the Marii and Julii were still authoritative, and in 92, Caesar's father was elected pretor (a magistrate whose most essential function was the organization of justice). During the consequent year, he helped as a governor in Asia Minor; it is probably, therefore, that the young Caesar was outside Italy when the Social War gone.

The extent of the Roman State in 40 BC afterwards Caesar's conquests

This war originated in the fact that the Roman allies in Italy sensed that they had never took a fair share in the mars of the Roman empire, which in those days involved Andalusia, gray Castile, Catalonia, the Provence, Italy, the Dalmatian slide, Greece and Macedonia, Asia Minor, Cyprus, Crete, and contemporary Tunisia. The Italians had pushed to conquer the Mediterranean world, but meant that they had not harvested the profits of it. In 91, they revolted. Marius was set general and had some achiever; more serious, however, were the triumphs of Lucius Cornelius Sulla, a man who was taken to be one of the optimates. By tactful ways, Rome widespread the rebels: in 90, Lucius Julius Caesar (an uncle) called Roman citizenship to those Italians who had stayed faithful, and in 89 a affiliated law promised citizenship to those who devoted up struggling.

While the Romans were fighting at home, an old enemy seen his chance: king Mithridates VI of Pontus (dominated 121-63 BCE) attacked the Roman ownerships in Asia Minor in 88. The dwellers of this province taken him as their liberator, and late many Italians and Romans. It is stranger where Caesar's family was in those days (it is close that Caesar's father was no longer Asia's governor). The Romans wanted avenge, and the Senate named Sulla as a general in this basic Mithridatic War (88-84). After his going, Marius was given the same bid by the People's Assembly. Sulla exhibited on Rome. This was the beginning of the best Civil War.

Marius was affected to flee to Africa, and Sulla went to Asia Minor again, where he defeated Mithridates. During Sulla's absence, Marius returned, slaughtered all his enemies, had himself nonappointive consul (86), but died a few days later of natural has. Two relatives of Caesar's father, Lucius Julius Caesar and Gaius Julius Caesar Strabo, were downed. From now on, Caesar's life was in risk. After all, he was the son of the brother of Marius' wife. His rubber did not better when his father died (85) and the made Sulla passed from Asia (82). However, the early man had had a fine training by one of Rome's most serious professors, Marcus Antonius Gnipho, who was besides the teacher of the rhetorician Marcus Tullius Cicero (106-43 BCE). Caesar was married to one Cornelia and the young mate had a daughter, Julia.

The Death of Caesar (Picture in 1867)

After his return, Sulla had himself set dictator. Originally, dictatorship was an great magistracy, perchance best translated as "strong man". Dictatorship had nothing to do with tyranny. However, Sulla's work of the office gave rise to our present substance of the word: wishing to exterminate the populares, Sulla changed the organization by restricting the rights of the People's Assembly. numerous were slain; Marius' ashes were scattered in the Tiber. Since Caesar was only eighteen years old, Sulla certain to show mercy, and ordered Marius' nephew to dissociate from his wife Cornelia (a daughter of Marius' friend Cinna), as a allegorical act of his loyalty to the new regime. Although the secondary was Coventry or worse, Caesar refused. Sulla understood the young man's commitment to his bride and pardoned him, reportedly vaticinate that "in this young man there is more than one Marius".

Recent Posts:



·         Aahset
·         Jackal in Ancient Egypt
·         Al-Maadi
·         Nagada (Naqada)
·         Judgment Halls of Osiris
·         Aakh
·         Maat Hornefrure
·         Judicial Papyrus of Turin
·        Nakhsebasteru
·        Aametju
·        Joppa
·        atkare I
·        Nakht I
·        The Capture of Joppa
·        Aamu
·        Maatkare II