Famous Pharaohs: 2017-06-11

Pharaohs of the 1st Dynasty

Little real history is known of the pharaohs of the early dynasties of Ancient Egypt. Their monuments, however, are some of the most examined artifacts in the world. Most of the tombs and artifacts have been discovered in Abydos.

List of the Pharaohs of the first dynasty:

Menes (Horus Aha)

Djer (Itit)

Mernieth

Djet (Wadj)

Den (Udimu)

Anendjib

Semerkhet

Qa'a

Sneferka

Unknown king

Iry-Hor

Iry-Hor

A piece of vessel from the tomb of Iry-Hor

Iry-Hor the last pharaoh in the 1st Dynasty of Ancient Egypt.

His burial place in Abydos. It contains two-chambered tomb, possibly one of he oldest disocvered at Abydos. Few funereary rests were found, icnlduing parts of ceramic with the pharaohs name.

Unknown Pharaoh

This unknown pharaoh between (king Sneferka) and pharaoh Iry-Hor. His tomb may be in Abydos.

Sneferka (2859—2857)

Sneferka, this ephemeral pharaoh belongs to the very end of the 1st dynasty, a period that apparently was a time of some imbalance in society. His name is only good twice - both from finds in Sakkara.

One is a fragmentise of schist found by British archaeologist Walter Emery in the dust at the escarpment north of King Djoser's funeral complex, when he was digging mastabas from the first dynasty. (Emery: Great Tombs III, pl. 38.1). The serek (to the right) contains the three hieroglyphs making the king's name, but in a slimly different order than in the other remain from his universe - a stone vessel found under the pyramid of king Djoser and published by Egyptologist Kaplony in MDAIK in 1988. His name is not showed in any of the kings' lists made during the further 2.500 years the Egyptian state should exist. This can mean that he was a probably unknown to later generations due to the fact that his reign was a very short and empty one and the remains were very few. That's the understanding why his position (unneurotic with king Bird above) cannot be showed with certainty

Qa'a (2889—2859)

Cartouche, and Restored tomb stele of King Qa'a

Most scholars believe that Qa'a was the last king of the 1st dynasty. We may also see his name as Kaa, or different other variations. Though Egyptologists often disagree on dating, our current best guess is that he lived from about 3100 to 2890 BC. While this information on Qa'a is highly limited, until Dreyer and Kaiser analysis their data and provide us with more information, low else is knew of this early Egyptian Pharaoh.. He was probably buried in Tomb Q at Abydos, where two regular royal funerary stelae bearing his name were found on the east side of the tomb. This tomb has been excavated on a number of several occations, first by Emile Amelineau in the 1890s, then Flinders Petrie and in 1991, by Gunther Dreyer and Werner Kaiser. The work done by this later German team revealed many little artifacts and architectural details that had been overlooked by earlier digs. These include thirty inscribed labels that describe the delivery of oil, probably made from berries or tree resins, and probably from the Syria-Palestine area.

Seal impressions and artifacts have also been discovered in Tomb Q with the name of Hetepsekhemwy, the first pharaoh of the second dynasty. This suggests that Hetepsekhemwy completed Tomb Q, and that there was no real break between the first and 2nd dynasties of Egypt. The change in dynasties from the 1st to the second was originally reported by Manetho without explanation. We also know of four tombs in Sakkara that date to this kings reign. The smaller part of two wooden statues were base in one of these tombs in a set of rooms on the north side. Some scholars believe this may have been an offering chapel, and that the mortuary temple in pyramid complexes may have got from this structure. Egyptologists have also discovered the stelae of two of Qa'a's officials, Merka and Sabef. These stelae have more complex inscriptions then earlier hieroglyphics, and may have signaled in increasing edification in the use of this writing.

Burial position of King Qa'a:

His tomb in abydos (tomb q) where two funerary stele mark his tomb, which also has notes from Hetepsekhemwy, his successor. The width of the funerary chamber about (10 x 5 m).

Semerkhet (2897—2889)

Semerkhet was the sixth pharaoh of the first Dynasty. He was the son of pharaoh Adjib and Queen Betrest, and for obscure reasons, only ruled for eight years. Egyptologists discovered very little, save for a black stela with Semerkhet's name carved on it. King Semerkhet was the fifth regent in the first dynasty, and he had he shortest time on the throne - eight and a half years. We know this for a fact because his full reign is documented on the Cairo Stone in the the Egyptian Museum. Regrettably the submissions from each year are only about ceremonies of different kinds and do not record any historical events.

Theories about his authenticity to kingship suggesting that he was an usurper has been put modern by scholars because he had the habit of recycling his predecessor's goods. At the graveyard at Abydos objects from Anedjib's time (and tomb?) was base in Semerkhet's where he had erased the original name and replaced it with his own. In a seal from his successor his name is wrote in the line with the other kings, telling that he was established as a king at least by his follower, who was his son (according to Manetho). A year label from Semerkhet reign was found in his follower's tomb at the re-excavation in the mid 1990s made by the German Institute of Archaeology in Cairo (DAIK). His tomb in Abydos points a new feature: retainers' tombs attached directly to the thick walls of his own, and a door entry rather then a staircase leading to the grave chamber. This means that the whole construction was covered by the same superstructure, indicating that the retainers were buried at the same time, and thus probably sacrificed to the honor of their master.

King Semerkhet's Burial place:

Pharaoh Semerkhet's tomb in abydos. It was almost 29 x 31 meters, brick-lined burial chamber. Its Walls 1.5-1.8 m thick. Single chambered tomb, with 68 alternative burials.

Anendjib (2949—2897)

Cartouche name of Merbiape

Anedjib was the fifth king during the first dynasty. He kept Memphis as his capitol city throughout his 14 years of rule. Anedjib's crown carried the symbols of both Upper and Lower Egypt, a representation of the unification of the country associate his power. Historians, however, doubt that Anedjib really controlled the northern, due to the fact that the northern Nomes rebelled against him always throughout his reign. His wife, Queen Betrest, was the mother of King Semerkhet, who was his successor. The queen provided Anedjib with legitimacy and power since she was a related from the Memphite royal line. Anedjib is a swayer that not so often is known about. He was also called Enezib and Merbiapen and governed from Memphis. According to Manetho (Af.) who called him Miebidos, his reign was 26 years. He may have come to power by marriage to queen Betrest of the Memphite royal family and in that case he was not son of pharaoh Den. A struggle between the Lower Egyptian classes and the south seems to have been temporary solved by Anedjib whose name is the first of all kings in the Sakkara list. Maybe he was the first king not to be directly related to the Thinis line of pharaohs. However the theory that he was an supplanter (or his successor was) and wasn't established by all his generation, has some means, because his memorials were deliberately violated by his immediate follower on the throne. His name in a serek has been deleted and the new king's put there instead in many stone vessels found at Sakkara.

Likewise there his name has only been found in two other places in Egypt: Abydos and Helwan, and out its borders possibly at En Besor in southern Palestine. At Sakkara a great mastaba, plausibly for his prime minister, revealed a new architectural building within when it was dug out in the 1950s. In contrast his own tomb in Abydos was a crude small construction and so were the rows of 64 satellite tombs. This high number tells that though is rule seems to have been a step backwards for the country as a whole (internal struggle?) the pharaoh's power over the commoners was unbroken.

King Anendjib's Burial place:

His tomb in abydos (tomb x), very small with burial chamber of wood. 64 alternative burials. Its Walls about 1.3 –1.6 meters. It was take one of the lowest Egyptian royal tombs.

Den (Udimu) (2963—2949)

Cartouche of Den

Den was created a chancelor place for Lower Egypt filled by hemaka, who has a tomb at saqqara first 'double crown' representation. Den was the fourth king during the first Dynasty. Because the king came to power in Egypt as an infant, Queen Merenith was established as his political advisor, which essentially meant that she ruled Egypt until he was capable of doing so himself. Den governed Egypt for about fifty years after Djet (Wadj) (2970—2963). He was an energetic and athletic person, and was artistic as well. He figures in the Ebers papyrus as well as the Berlin medical Papyrus. Den was militarily actibe in the Sinai, which was straight by his concern in protective the mineral resources of the peninsula. His mortuary complex was built in the ancient city of Abydos, but his body was buried at Saqqara. When king Den was old sufficient to take care of office from his mother, he became a great leader. He had a essential length of reign, credibly much longer then the twenty years he is given by Manetho. Many things remaining of him is found from all over Egypt, and he is by far the greatest documented of all kings from the first dynasty. His name was hardly pronounced "Den" the way he is usually called, and other names were Semti and Udimu. Zemti was spelled by a the hieroglyphic sign for "high desert" or "foreign land", probably to commemorate his deeds making campaigns against people at the north border as well as the desert mountains in the eastern Nile Valley. One of these efforts is depicted on a known ivory label, now in British Museum.

Ebony label (from Den's tomb)

Den had a comfortable time on the throne, and art , and economy seem to have expanded. Many innovations saw the daylight during his reign and he adopted the double crown to underline his dual kingship over the two countries. His tomb at the royal burial ground at Abydos was an ordinary square memorial, but had a new feature in form of a very long broad staircase leading directly to the grave chamber. This new architectural design was rapidly adopted in the secret tomb sector as well as the following pharaohs. He is said to have improved the administration, and on the Palermo Stone is recorded that he had a nose-count "of all people of the northern, west and east" taking place in the country, obviously to see how many subjects he was ruling, and could make pay taxes. About 30 great mastabas from his reign were developed by officials from Saqqara and up north to Abu Roash. This was far more than during the dominates of his predecessors who only had a few established during their time on the throne.

Djet (Wadj) (2970—2963)

Djet or Wadj, the third king of the 1st Egyptian Dynasty. His stela is exposed at the Louvre in Paris. It is made of limestone sliced by the sculptor Serekh. The stele was discovered almost the ancient city of Abydos where Wadj's mortuary complex is located. The only other place that Egyptologists found a quotation to him was in an inscription near the city of Edfu, to the south of Egypt. His wife was Queen Mereneith, who acted as mentor and advisor for his successor, King Den. King Djet have variants of his name alike Uadji and Zet, but Wadjet is probably the correct form. His Horus-name was written by a snake. Manetho gives a king called Kenkenes 31 years and one called Uenepes 23, and likely one of them is Djet, the latter one being the most future.

King Djet's Burial position:

His tomb in Abydos had a new feature - little rooms close the grave chamber within the building itself, a feature similar to mastabas. From the same site he has left a masterpiece of Egyptian art from all times - a magnificent over two metre high stone stele found outside the tomb, now in the Louvre in Paris. It was from the beginning erected at the spot marking the position where visitors cold give protection to the remembering of the dead pharaoh. The tomb itself had probably no visible part above ground in contrast to his rite area by the Nile, with its high walls. A year-label came to light, establishing the king's name and symbols doing Upper and Lower Egypt - the vulture and the red royal crown. Other memorials from Djet's reign are a couple of large mastabas at Tarkhan but most of all a fantastic large mastaba (nr 3504) from the capital's necropolis at Sakkara. It measures 20 by 50 metres and was located by English archaeologist Emery in 1953-56. It had over four hundred bulls' heads sculptured with good horns all placed in straight rows around the walls, and beside it stood of over 60 side burials for retainers. The grave chamber was plundered briefly after the burial by robbers tunneling in from the side and setting fire to the wooden roof and lining. A carefully restoration took position probably in the rule of king Qaa at the end of the dynasty, when new offer and goods were put in.

Mernieth

Tomb stela of Merneith,
in the Umm el-Qa'ab.

When Flinders Petrie, English archaeologist, re-excavated the tombs at the old burial ground of Abydos during 1901 he accidentally found an unfamiliar tomb whose owner bore the name Mer-Neith. The monument itself was a traditional building under ground with side chambers within like the mastaba tombs accompanied with side burials of retainers outside.

At first he thought that he had found an unknown king, but soon new fact came to light telling the unexpected truth that Mer-Neith was a woman.

It became clear that she was the widow and queen of king Djet and held office during the puerility and youth of their son, the next ruler to be - king Den whose name appeared in the grave. A proof of her position in the sequence of leaders was later found on a seal impression from the tomb of her son, where her name was put along with the ruling kings but without the king's insignia - the Horus falcon. In other lists from later times however, the Egyptians did not mention her, only her son. Above all, her name was found on a fine stele made of stone that credibly have had the same function as the one found from her husband - to mark the place of offering for the veneration of her immortal individual. For later commemoration she also had a ritual area in Abydos, beside the ones from five other regents. Her name contains the old patroness and war goddess from Lower Egypt - Neith and means: "beloved by Neith", whose regalia, (shield and arrows), are present on small labels from this time as well as her big stela. That the queen thus was a native of the Delta is a plausible guess, thereby making a sort of matrimonial alliance between the northern and the South, but this is so far not confirmed. Few remains attested to her of found outside Abydos probably due to the fact that all official sign, marks of property etc were made in the name of her little son. An exception is a great mastaba (Nr 3503, 16x42 m) in Sakkara where her name has been found as inscriptions on stone vessels, jars and seal impressions.

King Mernieth's Burial place:

His tomb in saqqara (3507) and abydos (tomb y) support her rule. Primitively missed, but found by Petrie. The central chamber is included with 8 storerooms whwere certain jars were found. The burial chamber contains the stela of Merytneith. 41 alternative graves. Tomb Y, Umm el Ga’ab.

Djer (Itit) (3016—2970)

Cartouche of Djer

Djer was the second pharaoh during the 1st Dynasty, when the crown still resided at Memphis. He was the son of Aha and one of his lesser placed wives, a woman named Hent. Djer established a palace at Memphis where he ruled Egypt from for fifty years. He also launched a successful military effort to fight the Hekssus in Sinai. His name was found in an inscription on the Wadi Halfa, south of the first Cataract, proving the boundaries of his reign. Djer's wife was Queen Herneith. He was sunk in a mortuary complex which is named the True Essential of the god Osiris.

His tomb, at abydos, (tomb o) holds 300 alternative burials, just weest of Aha; made of brick 70 x 40 meters. In the Umm el- Ga’ab section tomb believed to hold Osiris and focus of pilgrimages. Later mistaken for the tomb of Osiris. Discovered by Emile Amelineau in 1895 with a 5 year contract for mining.

King Djer's Burial position:

He was a low archeaologist – probably he got the contract because he was friends with the manager of the Egyptian Antiquities Service in Cairo – and discovered the “Tomb of Osiris” in "Umm el Ga’ab", an area simply prosperous with artifacts. He completely cleared the tomb between January 1 and January 12th, discarding whole piles of artifacts and retaining only complete objects. Most things were simply ignored if the felt them of no value.l. He found a basalt statue on a bier (similar to the funerary couch of Tut) in the tomb, and a skull in one chamber. He decided (quite arbitrarily, based on the stiarcase) that this was athe tomb of Osiris himself, and the skull was that of the god – or, in his view, a true historical figure. The skull was later identified as that of a woman,b ut this did not change Emile’s view.

Menes (Horus Aha) (3050—2890 BCE)

Narmer

This is new lights about Knig Menes, this who founded memphis and crocodopolis.Aha is known for more people as King Menes of Memphis. He was the founding of the 1st Dynasty, . First king to unify Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom. Ancient Egypt's most frequent form of civilization began with his crowning, and did not end for good until the beginning of the Roman epoch, which started with Augustus Caeser. Menes founded the city of Memphis, and chose as its location an island in the Nile, so that it would be easy to defend. Menes was also the founder of Crocodopolis. During his time, the Egyptian army performed raids against the Nubians in the southern and expanded his sphere of shape as far as the First Cataract. His chief wife was Queen Berenib, though she was not the mother of his successor, King Djer, and his mother was Neithotepe. His death is a secret, for, according to legend he was attacked by wild dogs and Nile crocodiles in Faiyum . Menes' tomb rests at Saqqara, the famed necropolis of Memphis. He died at the age of Sixty Three.

Pharaoh Aha is by custom among archaeologists the pharaoh that established the first dynasty and a long reign and repositories and other remains attested to him have been got all over Egypt. If he was the first king (by historian Manetho called Menes) he was supposed to have been in office for 62 years. He was an active ruler put forward the god Ptah from his new capital Memphis who patron of creation and handicraft. This township (or more likely a shrine within it) originally had the name "Hiku-Ptah" later to be corrupt by foreigners to the name "Egypt". All forms of craftsmanship and art was supported during his rule, and he was a pacifier between the two fractions in the country after the Upper (southern) part's taking over of the Lower (northern). Manetho says that during this time the Egyptian people learned how to live in a civilized manner, and worship the gods in a unique way. The first great mastaba tomb at Sakkara (the royal graveyard of Memphis) is from Aha's reign (Nr 3357, ~ 42 x 15 m), and was the first ever to have a boat buried beside. This custom with maritime association was to continue for thousands of years.

At the same place great mastabas were established for persons believed to have been high officials and likely close relations to the king or his queen. Very few remains (if any) from king Aha are found out Egypt and just a single find of foreign pottery is base from his reign. A big change is showed in his tomb complex at Abydos, so different from his predecessors' and presumed father Narmer's. The main buildings are three chambers with very thick walls placed in a row. Like the other doing tombs they were lined inside with wood and roofed with wooden beams. Completing the row were 34 minor tombs for retainers who had observed their master into the next world. I they were sacrificed or buried over after their natural death, is not known. This strongly points that Aha had a supreme and probably divine power, a inheritance that should become the distinctive mark for the Egyptian state in the time to come. The first chamber was the burying place of the king himself and there was found written text of a cargo freight to the Delta with offering goods to a shrine, all carved in to a tiny little label of wood. The second chamber is thought to belong to his queen named Bernerib (meaning "Sweet of Hearts"). Her name was found in some side burials credibly belonging to her servants. This means that the complex was great over time and investigations from the 1990s confirms that many royal tombs at Abydos was altered several times. Aha is a strong prospect to be the legendary king Menes - the unifier and first king of Egypt. Another strong candidate is his supposed father Narmer, who lacks monuments from the capital Memphis but is recorded as the founder by the Egyptians.

Osireion

The name given to the Cenotaph of Seti i (r. 1306–1290 b.c.e.) at Abydos, erected to serve as his enormous mortuary temple in Osiris holy metropolis, the shape became unfinished at the time of Seti i’s death. his grand-son Merenptah (r. 1224–1214 b.c.e.) completed it in his honor, and the temple stands as a awesome example of Egyptian architectural and artistic advances. the custom of erecting cenotaphs, or false, secondary tombs, in the holy city of Abydos dates to the earliest eras on the Nile. Seti i’s temple meditated this culture but added the factors of the artisans and builders of his era. the walls of this temple were blanketed with passages from the e-book of the lifeless, the e-book of gates, astronomical treatises, and other texts. a unique function of the Osireion became an island that became surrounded through canals that held the water. the fake sarcophagus of the pharaoh rested on the island.

A portico opened onto a shrine, main to the first Hypostyle hall that contained 12 pairs of papyrus columns and complex and beautiful reliefs. seven chapels had been additionally included in the layout and caused a 2nd Hypostyle corridor that had reliefs of nome standards. the gods commemorated in this section encompass Ptah, Ré-harakhte, Amun, Osiris, Isis, Horus, and Ptah-sokar. an Osirian chapel results in a Cultic ceremonial hall with chambers. the gallery of the king lists is on this phase, alongside a hall of bulls, and a shrine for a Sokar boat. the authentic shrine at the web page turned into probable erected inside the antique nation (2575–2134 b.c.e.). Seti i’s structure, constructed on the inspiration, turned into made out of quartzite, sandstone, and granite. Merenptah (1224–1214 b.c.e.) brought an extended passage, embellished with scenes from the book of the dead.

Shunet ez Zebib

This site (Shunet ez Zebib) is a double walled fort referred to as “the storehouse of dates” and positioned at the northern boundary of Abydos at Umm el-Ga’ab, this necropolis region dates to the early dynastic length (2920–2575 b.c.e.). the funerary enclosure of Kha’sekhemwy (r. c. 2649 b.c.e.) changed into product of mud brick and erected at the website. it's miles revered because the oldest standing enormous shape in the global and is a part of Shunet ez Zebib. the walls of the complete structure are giant. cenotaphs were located, in addition to a sequence of boat pits.

Umm el-Ga’ab (Umm el-Qa'ab)

General view of area of Umm el-Ga’ab

Umm El-Ga’ab or Umm el-Qa'ab, it was the necropolis of the metropolis of Abydos, referred to as “the mother of pots” by using present day neighborhood residents. this become one in every of Egypt’s earliest cemeteries, utilized by the rulers of the first dynasty (2920–2770 b.c.e.). second dynasty (2770–2649 b.c.e.) monuments, associated with Peribsen and Kha’sekhemwy, had been also determined on the website, referred to as “Peger” in some data. a few Predynastic graves are also at Umm El-Ga’ab.

the superstructures of the royal tombs have been destroyed over the centuries, exposing the stays of brick-covered burial pits. the rulers deposited Stelae and clay sealing in those chambers as well as ivory figurines and mortuary furniture. the tomb of Djer, the 2d ruler of the first dynasty, was declared the resting place of the deity Osiris. as a end result, the tomb obtained many honors and votive offerings, specially for the duration of the new nation duration (1550–1070 b.c.e.). a tomb relationship to the twenty-first dynasty (1070–945 b.c.e.) changed into erected for Psusennes, the son of the high priest of Amun, Menkheperresenb (2), at Umm El-Ga’ab. the tomb has a chapel, burial shaft, and mortuary stela. the web page is famous for the sounds made by way of the finely grained sands of the place. this sand makes Aeolian melodies whilst blown over the ruins and the dunes by using the wind. the Egyptians believed the sounds originated within the tombs.

Kom El Sultan (Osiris’s temple)

temple of Osiris at Kom El Sultan

Kom El Sultan turned into the principal shrine of Osiris in Abydos, now called Kom El Sultan by means of the Egyptians. there had been many sites of worship dedicated to Osiris in the Nile valley and past, but the god’s foremost cultic temple changed into placed in Abydos, the city devoted to him. most effective the ramparts of the temple are seen today. a limestone portico erected with the aid of Ramsesii (r. 1290–1224 b.c.e.) is also obtrusive. the temple, referred to as the Osireion in some records, dates to the third dynasty (2649–2575 b.c.e.) or possibly in advance. this is older than the Osireion erected by using Seti i (r. 1306–1290 b.c.e.).

Arabet Abydos (el-Araba el Madfuna)

Temple of Seti i in Arabet Abydos

Arabet Abydos or El-araba El Madfuna, in Egypt ,Sohag. in El-araba located a massive temple of Seti i ,excavation project of ministry of antiquities history observed limestone historic Egyptian chapel from 11th dynasty.excavation came within framework of cleaning programme performed through MAH in area,after tourism antiquities police caught population trying to illegally excavate searching for artefacts.Ali El-asfar,head of historic Egyptian section at MAH ,said chapel could be very well preserved placed 150metres n of temple of king Seti i.

Dendera (Inuit)

Dendera temple

Thebes, the capital of the sixth nome of upper Egypt and the cultic middle of the goddess Hathor. the town became called Inuit or Tantere with the aid of the Egyptians. the goddess Isis changed into also venerated within the area, and the Egyptians most important tained a crocodile sanctuary there. in the early intervals, Dendereh changed into at the trade direction from Qena to the red sea.

the foremost chapel, dedicated to Hathor, dates to the reign of khufu (cheops, 2551–2528b.c.e.), and another from the eleventh dynasty (2134–1991 b.c.e.) become discovered close to a sacred lake at Dendereh. the primary temple became original out of a stone platform on a sand foundation with a mud-brick enclosure wall. a Propylon front leads to a transverse hypostyle corridor with 24 columns. a second hall has six columns and a brief ramp. additionally protected in the temple are the corridor of offerings, an inner vestibule, and the hall of the cycle of the gods. numerous chapels are also in the complex, the according to-ur, committed to the start of the brand new year; according to-nu, honoring the adventure of the goddess to Edfu; according to-neser, committed to the goddess as a lioness. beneath, there are 32 treasure crypts. the main temple reliefs at Dendereh also point out Pepi i (r. 2289–2255 b.c.e.), Tuthmosis iii (r.1479–1425 b.c.e.), and Ptolemy xii Auletes (r. 88–fifty eight, 55–fifty one b.c.e.). This structure additionally had a “Dendereh zodiac” relief and a sanitarium where Egyptians have been reportedly cured of sickness thru Hathor’s intercessions.

the temple complex dates to the sixth dynasty (2323–2150 b.c.e.), attributed to “the followers of Horus” of that point. the existing shape dates to the Ptolemaic period (304–30 b.c.e.). the chapel of Osiris and the temple reliefs of Cleopatra vii (r. 51–30 b.c.e.) and Ptolemy xv caesarion (r. forty four–30 b.c.e.) attest to the Ptolemaic affects. 3 delivery homes, referred to as a mammisi, and a temple of isis whole the non secular complex. the necropolis of Dendereh covered tombs from the early dynastic duration (2920–2575 b.c.e.) as well as a number of mastabas belonging to neighborhood nomarchs. on the western aspect of the cemetery there are brick-vaulted catacombs in which birds, cows, and dogs have been entombed in mummified form. a small chapel from montuhotep ii (r. 2161–2010 b.c.e.) was also found in Dendereh and now is in the Egyptian museum in Cairo. the building commemorated the royal cult and had inscriptions from Merenptah (r. 1224–1214 b.c.e.) of the 19 dynasty. a temple honoring the birth of Isis changed into adorned via emperor Augustus, and another shrine, dedicated to Horus of Edfu, became erected inside the location. sizeable building persisted in Dendereh at some point of ancient historical eras.

Abydos Fleet

Solar bark for Sesostris III

A naval force of 12 or 14 imperial vessels dis-secured covered close Abydos, exactly eight miles from the Nile. Every vessel, from 50 to 60 feet long, was encased in a mud-block pine box and pit. They date to the soonest times of Egypt. Shorter, less intricate vessels have been found at SAQQARA and HALWAN. Like the vessel found at the great pyramid of Khufu (Cheops)(, r. 2551–2528 B.C.E.) these boats were a piece of the Mortuary Ceremonies of the early periods. Unearthings at the site give indications that more vessels might be a piece of the necropolis fortunes of Abydos.

Abydos

Temple of Seti I in Abydos

Abydos a city north of Dendereh (Dendera), capital of the eighth nome, or locale, called the Thinite nome, Abydos was considered the best of all burial grounds and home to the god Osiris. The necropolis region of the city was being used from the most punctual circumstances and profited from imperial supporter age all through its history.

Of the imperial landmarks raised in Abydos, the sanctuary of Seti I (r. 1306–1290 B.C.E.) is the biggest, manufactured of fine white limestone and containing awe inspiring reliefs. The initial two courts of the sanctuary, and in addition the colonnade, were most likely finished by Ramses II (r. 1290–1224 B.C.E.) after Seti I's passing. One scene in the sanctuary delineates Ramesses II loving the divine beings Isis and Osiris as well as Seti I exalted. Ramesses II is likewise credited with the enrichment in the main Hypostyle Hall of the sanctuary, which has seven entryways prompting houses of prayer past a second hypostyle corridor. The second hypostyle corridor fills in as a vestibule for the seven houses of prayer joined into its west divider. False vaults cover the houses of prayer, and all have reliefs. The churches respected six divine beings and the worshipped Seti I.

The Osireion

A king list was found in a display in the sanctuary, indicating Seti I and Ramesses II as a the Osireion, really a Cenotaph, or false tomb, worked by Seti I yet most likely finished by Merenptah, his grandson. An element in this place of worship is an island, shaped by channels of water that were kept filled at all circumstances, whereupon the sarcophagus and canopic trunks were kept up.

The sanctuary of Ramses II, situated toward the upper east of the sanctum of Seti I, is noted for its sensitive reliefs, which give a portrayal of the Battle of Kadesh, cut into limestone. A red stone entryway prompts a pillared open court, and more reliefs portray a parade of offerings for the lord. A porch on the west side of the sanctuary opens onto little churches regarding Seti I as a deified being and different divine beings. A portion of the gods have been furnished with suites of rooms, and there is a humanoid Djed Pillar in one of the loft chambers. Rock statues respect Ramses II, Seti I, the god Amun, what's more, two different goddesses. The sanctuary of Osiris in Abydos is situated in the upper east of Ramses II's sanctuary. Presently called Kom el-Sultan, the area has just a couple remains of a limestone patio and bulwarks. Cenotaphs devoted to people were raised in the territory.

The Shunet ee-Zabib, or "Storage facility of Dates," an walled in area dating to the Second Dynasty (2770–2649 B.C.E.), is in the northwestern forsake. Two real complexes, composed with monstrous internal dividers and external mud-block dividers, had fundamental defenses. The cenotaphs of the illustrious personages are found more remote in the betray, at a site known as Umm el-Ga’ab, the "Mother of Pots," in light of the substantial amount of vessels found at first glance—containers utilized for funerary offerings of the graves. Toward the south, cenotaphs of the Middle Kingdom what's more, early New Kingdom were additionally found.

A sanctuary of Senwosret III (r. 1878–1841 B.C.E.) remains at the edge of the betray. The ruler's cenotaph is situated close to the face of the close-by precipices. A pyramid, conceivably raised by 'Ahmose (r. 1550–1525 B.C.E.) is situated close to the temple. A morgue complex of Tetisheri, the grandma of 'Ahmose and a pioneer in the Theban crusades against the Hyksos and the begin of the New Kingdom, is likewise in the range.

In Abydos:

Kom el-Sultan

El-'Araba elMadfuna

Shunet ez Zebib

Umm el-Qa'ab

Osireion

Abusir

pyramids of Abusir

Abusir a site south of Giza dating to the Fifth Dynasty (2465–2323 B.C.E.) and containing a tremendous burial ground and pyramidal edifices. The vast pyramid of SAHURÉ (r. 2458–2446 B.C.E.) commands the site that once contained 14 such structures, most now lessened to centers of rubble or, then again stone. Sahuré's pyramid has a thoroughfare, valley temple, and a trench in place. The colonnade of the valley sanctuary has eight segments and in addition a huge corridor given divider reliefs and a dark basalt asphalt. A sanctuary territory committed to the goddess Sekhmet seems to have been repaired as a holy place in later times, supporting in its preservation. Storerooms, hallways, and specialties shape two levels, what's more, red rock papyrus segments bolster the upper floor. Cultic chambers, an asylum with a holy place, and a rock false entryway were additionally found there. An intricate waste framework was consolidated into the mind boggling, utilizing lion-headed figures of grotesqueness and open channels. Copper-lined bowls were associated with underground copper pipes in this system. These are as yet noticeable. Called "the Soul of Sahuré Shimmers" at its devotion, this pyramid has a limestone center as the establishment, loaded with sand and rubble and confronted with fine stone.

The mastaba of the aristocrat Ptahshepses, a relative of Niuserré (r. 2416–2392 B.C.E.) and a court authority, is a completely created structure toward the north of Niuserré unfinished landmark. Ptahshepses' tomb has a colonnaded court with 20 columns, a porch, a corridor, and a chamber delineating family pictures. Niuserré's pyramidal complex was committed as "the Spots of Niuserré are Enduring." In raising his valley sanctuary, Niuserré usurped some portion of Kakai's unique structure. The center was made of limestone and incorporated a colonnaded court and cultic chamber.

The pyramid of Kakai (Neferirkaré; r. 2446–2426 B.C.E.) was worked out of mud block and finished by his successor. It was committed as "Kakai Has Become a Soul" or, on the other hand as "the Pyramid of the Ba-soul." Local limestone shaped the center, and the confronting was a fine limestone and red rock. The pyramid of Neferefré (r. 2419–2416 B.C.E.) is likewise situated on the site of Abusir. It was committed as "the Pyramid which is Divine of the Ba-spirits" however was never finished. It was a low hill of limestone, with no interstate or sanctuary. Another demolish at Abusir is related with Queen KHENTAKAWES, the partner of Shepsekhaf (r. 2472–2467 B.C.E.). Another tomb was as of late found at Abusir, dating to the Sixth Dynasty (2323–2150 B.C.E.) and worked for a judge named Inti. Expansive, with ground and underground levels, the tomb is a piece of a complex of locales having a place with Inti's family. Expand embellishments and statues have moreover been found.

Abu Rawash

The protect at Abu Rawash rests
in the shade of the internment
pit of the Pyramid of Djedefre

Abu Rawash is a site located in north of Giza. The principle landmark on the site dates to the Fourth Line, developed by Ra'Djedef (r. 2528–2520 B.C.E.), the child and successor of King Khufu(Cheops). Ra'djedef raised a pyramid at Abu Rowash, halfway encased in red rock and incomplete. A mortuary temple is on the eastern side of the pyramid and a valley temple was designated as a component of the complex. A watercraft pit on the southern side of the pyramid contained statues of Ra'djedef, the bring down piece of a statue of Queen Khentetka, and a sphinx shape, the main such sphinx frame found in a regal tomb. In the valley sanctuary of the complex a statue of Arsinoe (2), the partner of Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285–246 B.C.E.), was found. Likewise found were close to home objects of 'AHA (Menes, 2920 B.C.E.) and DEN (c. 2800 B.C.E.) of the In the first place Dynasty. A newfound mud-block pyramid on the site has not been recognized, but rather an Old Kingdom (2575–2134 B.C.E.) necropolis is apparent.

Kom el-Hisn

In Kom el-Hisn Relief with Hathor and pharaoh Necho II

Kom el-Hisn was a site in the western Delta of Egypt, south of Naukratis, present day Kom el-Hisn.A temple that was devoted to the cliques of the divinities Sekhmet and Hathor was raised at Imu by Senwosret I (r. 1971–1926 B.C.E.). A rectangular structure, the sanctuary likewise contained statues of Amenemhet III (r. 1844–1797 B.C.E.) and Ramses II (r. 1290–1224 B.C.E.), introduced in later administrations. Imu turned into the capital of the third nome of Lower Egypt. The necropolis related with the site contains tombs from the First Intermediate Period (2134–2040 B.C.E.) up to the New Kingdom (1550–1070 B.C.E.).

Pharaohs of the 5th Dynasty

Userkaf (2465—2458)

Sahure (2458—2446)

Neferirkare Kakai (2477—2467)

Shepseskare Ini (2426—2419)

Neferefre (2419—2416)

Niuserre Izi (2445-2421)

Menkauhor (2422—2414)

Djedkare Izezi (2388—2356)

Unas (2375—2345)

Mastaba of Queen Nebet

The Mastaba of Queen Nebet situated close to the Pyramid of Unas, not typically open Unas' ruler. Its separated into 3 rooms, the second contains perspectives of Nebet in the array of mistresses.

North of the pyramid of Unas and all around protected. Three rooms. Second room has scenes of Nebet in a collection of mistresses in the royal residence.

The Valley Temple of Unas

The Valley Temple was worked close to a lake situated toward the South-East of the fundamental pyramid and close to the passage of a Wadi that would be utilized to interface the Valley sanctuary to the funeral home sanctuary. Truth be told, it might well be that these two elements decided the decision of area for the whole intricate!

The Valley sanctuary, of which just parts still remain, was at one time a gigantic building. It was gotten to through an incline that opened onto a sectioned court. A tight entry offered access to a cross room, which thusly opened to a moment navigate room in the South, a live with two segments in the North and a third room in the North-West. This last room is associated with the highway, through an entryway situated in the North-West corner of the room. Toward the South of this room was a fourth live with three specialties and a few magazines

Pyramid of Unas

Pyramid of Unas Looking east down the thoroughfare of Unas

The pyramid itself looks unremarkable, minimal more than an expansive stack of rubble which is predominated by its more seasoned neighbor, the Step Pyramid of Djoser. The structure was first examined by Gaston Maspero in 1881 who had been gathering a corpus of writings found in other Dynasty V and VI pyramids and he was the first to enter Unas' underground loads. The pyramid and part of the funeral home sanctuary was uncovered by Alexandre Barsanti in the interest of Maspero at the turn of the twentieth century, and examination of the morgue sanctuary and thoroughfare was later proceeded by Cecil Firth, Jean-Philippe Lauer and others up to the present time.

The structure's center of harsh limestone pieces reduced in size towards the highest point of its six layers and had a packaging of squares of fine white limestone (now just staying on the most minimal levels).

The passageway to the pyramid was found on the north side, opening at ground level in the asphalt of the court underneath a little passageway house of prayer. A section slants down to meet a hallway and even entry which was initially hindered by three stone pieces. The waiting room lies underneath the focal point of the pyramid, with a room containing 3 specialties toward the east and the entombment chamber toward the west. Taking after the arrangement of different pyramids of this period the top of the internment load was gabled - yet the roof was painted with brilliant stars on a dark blue foundation to speak to the night sky. White alabaster lined the dividers of the entombment chamber. This was etched and painted on the west divider, with outlines in dark, white, yellow, blue and red, proposed to copy the wooden structure secured by reed tapestries of a regal castle or a niched bygone mastaba. All the more eminently, Unas was the main ruler to have writings engraved on the dividers of his last resting place.

The Unas causeway, looking east Cartouche of Unas (Wenis)
Columns of beautifully carved blue painted hieroglyphs on the remaining walls of the burial chamber, antechamber and parts of the passages depict 283 'spells' which were part of a body of texts known today as the 'Pyramid Texts'. These texts, comprising almost 800 known 'spells' or 'utterances', describe the different stages of royal rebirth and were intended to safeguard his (or her) journey from death to the Netherworld, presumably to be read by the deceased. It is thought that the texts were probably composed by the priests of the Heliopolitan sun cult, but may have had a predynastic origin. No single pyramid contains the whole collection of spells and there was no standard edition. One of the texts in Unas' pyramid (utterances 273-4) is referred to as the 'cannibal hymn', which describes 'swallowing the spirits of the gods'. It is suggested that this may be a remnant of an extinct funerary practice such as human sacrifice, though there is no evidence for this in Old Kingdom Egypt.

South-Western corner of the enclosure wall surrounding complex of Djoser at Saqqara. This pyramid complex is thus located at the opposite corner of Djoser's complex as the complex built by Userkaf, the first king of the 5th Dynasty, and between the complexes of Djoser and Sekhemkhet, both of the 3rd Dynasty, as part of the diagonal between the pyramid of Sekhemkhet in the southwest and the pyramid of Teti, which was to be built later, in the northeast.

The mortuary temple of this complex, which traditionally extends to the East of the main pyramid, was built on top of the substructure of the 2nd Dynasty tomb assigned to Hotepsekhemwi. It is very likely that almost nothing subsisted of this older tomb's superstructure at the time Unas had his monument built.
The name of this funerary complex was nfr-s.wt, "the (most) beautiful of places".

The complex consists of all the standard elements: a main pyramid, to the East of which are located a mortuary temple and a small satellite pyramid. A long causeway connects the mortuary temple to a valley temple, at some distance to the South-East of the pyramid. Parts of the valley temple are still preserved.
A Queen's pyramid has never been found, which suggests that Unas does not appear to have had a pyramid built for his queen(s).

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