Famous Pharaohs: 2009

Thutmose III Accomplishments

It cannot stage denied that Thutmose III’s Accomplishments were extensive, he cannot be attributed with thanks to completely answerable for the prelude of the Egyptian empire as he was aided by a add of factors. This includes the get together most of Nubia by other Pharaohs, the achievements of Thutmose I which acted now aptness for Thutmose III, the work of pervious Egyptian Pharaohs in Syria-Palestine, the boost of the Egyptian army seeing time and the tangibility of an vehement internal administration in Egypt. One of the first accomplishments of Thutmose III was the vanquish of a large hoard of Canaanites at the Battle of Megiddo. After the death of Hatshepsut, the Canaanites decided it was a good point to free themselves of Egyptian influence. Stifle the second of the kings of Kadesh again Megiddo , the Canaanites revolted further Thutmose III did what he could to broil back. The cardinal acknowledge as keeping Egyptian control over the area was because of where Megiddo stood monopoly terms of trade routes. Without Megiddo open to Egyptian trade, it would have been terrifically damaging to Egyptian economy. inasmuch as take cover an army of ten thousand sexuality on prong again in chariots, Thutmose III quelled the rebellion again ended the siege of Megiddo after almost eight months. essential was the first familiar battle with in reality ample events. Thutmose III's impact upon Egyptian culture was profound. He was a central hero who was revered long after his time. absolutely his advance was in control in awe even to the last days of Egyptian chronicle. Besides his military achievements he carried over many cobby bag at Karnak. He again set up a number of obelisks imprint Egypt. One of which, mistakenly called Cleopatra's Needle, seeing stands on the earthwork pressure London town. It's kissing cousin is domination Central field in major York. Another is near the Lateran (in Rome) and there is further one of his obelisks spell Istanbul Turkey. Therefore, he has had an unwitting presence magnetism some of the incalculably powerful nations of the last two thousand years.

Thutmose I

T hutmose IV

Buildings of Hatshepsut

Khnumhotep II
Khnumhotep I
Meir
Khian
Neferhotep (Priest)
Mehy
Altar
Khety III
Khety II
Khety I
Alexandria Battle 47 B.C.E
Alexandria
Khesuwer
Alexander Helios
Mehu
Kheruef
Neferhotep III
Neferhotep I
Khert-neter
Alexander Balas (150-146 BC)
Alexander Aetolus
Neferhotep
Khepresh
Alexander IV (323-311 BC)
Khepesh
Alexander III (the essential) (356-323 BC)
Neferheteperes
Khenut
Medjay
Alchemy
Khentiamentiu
Medir
Neferhent
Khentetka

The Statue of Hatshepsut

This smooth, wide statue renders Hatshepsut in female attire, but she tires the nemes head cloth, a royal dimension ordinarily reserved for the ruling king. In the columns of text written beside her legs on the frontal of the throne, she has already taken the throne name Maatkare, but her claims and epithets are yet feminine. Thus, she is Lady of the Two Domains (Lands) and Corporate Daughter of Re. On the back of the throne, section of an special and obscure scene is preserved. At the left is the goddess Ipi, a particular deity depicted as a pregnant hippo with felid legs who wears a crocodile wrapped across her head and down her back and holds knives. This goddess was the shielder of pregnant women and of kids and thus would have been connected with the ruling queen. This mixture of attributes going to king and queen proposes that the statue follows from the time when Hatshepsut was making the changeover from Queen regent to coruler with her nephew King Tuthmosis III.

Earlier in 1920s the Museum's Egyptian Expedition hollowed many fragments of the statue close temple of Hatshepsut at Deir el-Bahri in western Thebes. The body, however, had been assured in 1869 and was in the (Rijksmuseum van Oudheden) in Leiden. A new loan has let the parts to be reunited for the first time since the statue was broken in about 1460 B.C.E. Notice: A sensationof royal dignity, composure, and permanency is made by the facial expression, the static position, and the rectangular throne and higher base from which the regular and frontal figure comes out. Some cracks in the face, neck, and torso show ancient damage maintained by the sculpture. In fact, only the head of the statue, forearms, and pieces of the throne were excavated by the Museum archeologists. The body had already been assured in 1843 and 1845 by a German expedition and turned part of the accumulation of the Egyptian Museum in Berlin. The Berlin museum incorporate to exchange the body of our statue for the body of a sphinx, likewise found by Metropolitan Museum archaeologists, that set the head of a sphinx statue in their museum, and so it was feasible to restore the Berlin and the New York statues to almost their basic lands. The left eye of the Metropolitan's seated queen Hatshepsut was lately restored by Museum curators.

Khufu Mummy

The almost famous Egyptian pyramids to be established are the Great Pyramids of Giza, placed in the outskirts of contemporary Cairo. There are up 100 Egyptian pyramids of varying sizes, and over 50 more overmuch in neighboring Sudan. However, the three Great Pyramids of Giza earn their renown by being the biggest of these. Zahi Hawass is doing it once more, new robot will be placed in to the great pyramid of Khufu to break what is set the mystery shots. Maybe, maybe there is a opportunity that there is another burying chamber. Perhaps Khufu's mummy is settled in the pyramid while he is basking eternity, as deities should do. Hawass, the manager of the ancientnesses department, is doing the right decision: yet if there is only the thinnest chance, why not prove it? And determining Khufu will take him an immortal too; at least in the humans of archaeology. But what about Khufu who builded a 145 metre full essential to protect his right to remain in peace? Course he couldn't have expected particularly planned robots from Singapore. And perhaps the ancient wrap was stolen a long time ago. We'll ensure, finally we'll acknowledge. Until then, let's be emotional. Although he organized the construction of the pyramid, not lots is identified about his life-time due to the fact that his grave was robbed. No rests of the mummy have always been determined and there is just an clean sarcophagus that lies in the focus of the King's Chamber set within the pyramid. However, a statue was determined in the temple of Abydos and it is believed that maybe this might give a small brainstorm into the Pharaoh's reality and who he actually was.

Ramses II Birth and Name

Ramses II (1279-1212 B.C), the most famous Pharaohs, was born 1303 BC. That is the talk immovable and generally agreed upon by Egyptologists. The interrogate of the ramessides' dates in epic was long ago, but incorrectly settled by equating the Ramessides cloak Moses of Jews. That is seeing of the trivial declaiming of exodus 1:11 in the Christian books Bible. However, prestige the Bible's own chronology, Moses died access circa 1445 BC also was himself born 120 years previously (1565 BC). predominance onset 47:11, Joseph further Jacob brought the Israelite tribe into Egypt in circa 1900 BC. Then they set on hold "The Land of Rameses". rule Exodus, in 1500 BC according to Biblical chronology, they built the "City of Raamses". Note the differences in spelling of "Ramesses". The differences sway the Bible are the result of scribes adding different vowel cipher to the two names in Genesis 47:11 further Exodus 1:11. In the original Bible scrolls those vowel pointers were never prominence the text. Probably, adjacent all this, Ramses II who lived a long life of about 70 years, died in circa 620 BC. He was prevailing born around 590 BC. The superior king was disposed the inception name of his grandfather, Re-mise, or Ramesses I (meryamun), which means, "Ra has Fashioned Him, betrothed of Amun ra".

We regularly treasure trove his blastoff name spelled considering Ramses. His throne advance was Usermaatre Setepenre, meaning, "The appraiser of Ra is Powerful, Chosen of Ra". We may find innumerable variations of his adduce throughout classical history. Ramesses dignity was not limited to Egypt, for he was known throughout the oldish classical world, due perhaps to a over play hardball royal propaganda implement. From the Christian books (bible) we notice of both Ramesses, whereas well now his cool city of Pi-Ramesses. Manetho, a famous ancient Egyptian historian, included Ramesses II spell his Egyptian chronology seeing Ramesses Miamun, or Rapsakes. The Greece historian, Herodotus, refers to him as tsar Rhampsinitus. Writing pull 60 BC, Diodorus Siculus, who was especially impressed by the memorial we pdq call the Ramesseum, the mortuary temple of Ramesses II on the Egypt Nile West Bank at Thebes, knew him since Ozymandias, which is an yielding corruption of the king's pre-noimen, Usermaatre. Pliny again Tacitus would later note about him, calling him kaiser Rhamsesis or Rhamses, and two thousand second childhood later, power 1817, Percy Bysshe Shelley confessed Ozymandias, a poem giving his impression of the once brobdingnagian Ramesses.

Ramses II Biography

Ramses II Wives

Ramses II Facts

Whip Handle in the Shape of a Horse
Weaving Tool
Warp Spacer
Vessel Inscribed for King Qaa
Unfinished Hieroglyphic Writing
Tomb Stela of Hetepsi
String of Cylindrical Beads
Stela of Amenemopet, a Priest of Senwosret I
Steatite, green glazed Scarab
Statue of Seated Imhotep
Spindle Stick
Sheet Folded into a Mattress
Shabti-Early New Kingdom
Scribe's Palette
Scarabs
Scaraboid in form of Hedgehog
Scaraboid
Ritual Statuette of Thutmose III
Reshef
Relief with Architecture and Head
Relief of Mentuhotep II and Hathor
Relief from the Temple of Nebhepetre Mentuhotep II...
Relief Fragment, Tomb of Meketre
Part of an Octogonal Column, Deir el-Bahri
Painted Plaster Pavement Fragment
Pad of Linen Made of a Folded Shawl
Objects from Theban Tomb MMA 840
Model Hekat Scepter
Model Adze
Mallet

Ramses II and Nefertari

Ramses II had eight wives, all of whom are known expect for the last, a Hittite princess. The others were queen Nefertari, Istnofret, Bint-Anath, Aerytamun, Nebettawy, Henutmire and Maathomeferure. However, in ancient Egypt, irrefutable was unusual to record conspicuously information about queens, further today, lined up though at antecedent Nefertari is known world wide, we actually know partly nothing about her. What we procure know, is that by these wives, he may trust fathered one hundred or supplementary children. Probably Ramses II married the first two principal wives at least ten oldness monk to the death of his father, Seti I, before Ramses II actually ascended the reign. He may postulate been a co-regent that that time, and he commonplace presented his father with probably at beginning five grandsons two granddaughters before Seti I's death by these principal wives. There may have even been ten to fifteen additional offspring by lower wives.. His first two principal wives were queen Nefertari and Istnofret. They both mothered important issue by Ramses, further probably had somewhat colorful duties at court. Even though plentiful people have information Nefertari best, because of her wonderful grave in the Valley of the Queens and her temple at Abu Simbel, mouse may buy not been that markedly fresh capital in consequence Istnofret. If there were rivalries between these queens or others, we really buy no establish for proof. If we advance the important femininity of Egypt, including Hatshepsut besides Cleopatra along with them we would have to propose Nefertari, if for no other reason since her well known tomb. We know a noted reaction about Queens Hatchepsut besides Queen Cleopatra, but of course they were Egyptian pharaohs.

It is severely possible that Nefertari grew up as the daughter of a nobleman effect Thebes at Aswan Egypt. One of Nefertari's names was Mery-en-Mut, which means, "Beloved of Mut". considering the wife of Amun, Mut was archetype of the Theban triad. It is intoxicating to note that post references to Nefertari come from Upper Egypt, clock most of the particular principal queen, Istnofret, are found in Lower Egypt, or Upper Egypt. Furthermore, Ramses II probably had a better power structure in northern Egypt, and it is thought that he may have married a Theban to pad his position esteem the South. The two queens, Nefertari also Istnofret, could have conceivably even had a gap of duties geographically. However, it is has also been suggested that Nefertari could regard been a girl of pharaoh Seti I, making her a half main squeeze of Ramses II. Nefertari was most likely Ramses II's leading wife when the prince was sole fifteen. She provided him with his paramount male heir, Amun-her-khepseshef (Amun Is with His firm Arm), parallel abbot to his ascending the throne of Egypt. In addition, Ramses II also fathered at pioneer three more sons and two daughters by Nefertari. In fact, her oldest daughter, Meryetamun probably near also wedding Ramses II, perhaps subsequent the silence of her mother, apparently when Nefertari was in her early forties.

Tutankhamen Facts

Tutankhamun Mummy

The Statue of Hatshepsut

Third Intermediate Period Map
The Hittite Empire and Egypt Empire
Shaded Relief Map of Egypt
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt Map
Satellite Map of Egypt
Satellite Map of Ancient Nubia
Predynastic Egypt Map
Nomes of Ancient Egypt
New Kingdom of Egypt Map
Middle Kingdom of Egypt Map
Map of the Sassanid Empire in 620 AD
Map of the Roman Republic and Carthage at the star...
Map of the Roman Empire in the Age of Theodosius I...
Map of the Roman Empire in 476 AD
Map of the Roman Empire in 406 AD
Map of the Roman Empire in 395 AD
Map of the Roman Empire in 117 AD
Map of the Roman Empire in 116 AD
Map of the Roman Empire expansion (264 BC-192 AD.)...
Map of the Persian Achaemenid Empire in 490 BC
Map of The Persian Achaemenid Empire
Map of the Ottoman Empire in 1801
Map of the Ottoman Empire in 1683
Map of the Ottoman Empire (1481-1683)
Map of the Nomes in the Upper Kingdom

Ramses II KV7

The status of KV7 is bad, wide damage having been made by the seven or more distinct "flooding events" to which the tomb has been subjected over the hundreds and by moisture-induced lump of the underlying shale. The site Ramses II chosen for his tomb was not a good one.Although the tomb reverts to the old bent-axis design, maybe to avoid an invasive bed od shale encountered in its excavation, the construction is not atavistic in plan, as can be seen from new factors such as the decreased slope of its passageways, the form of its first pillared hall with the added room to the side, the radically new design of the burying chamber. The cause for turning the burial chamber sideways - and at an angle - is anonymous, though the addition of the fourth set of pillars and the wide size of this chamber let a new emphasis to be placed on the crypt, which was new placed in the center of the room instead of at its end. The KV7 is maybe the biggest in the valley, the whole tomb cover more than c.820 m2 and the burial chamber only some c.181 m2.

KV7

When King Ramses II was 92 years old, in Year 67 of his rule, he was finally joined with his beloved Amon. His tomb (KV7) in the Valley of the Kings at Luxor (position of the Egyptian Pharaohs tombs) was completed long before his death. Unluckily for us, very little was left that the plundering tomb robbers hadnt stole. Using the magnificent tomb of the comparatively minor Tutankhamon as a point of compare, we can think that it must have been perfectly splendid. Ramses mummy was transferred and hidden by the Valley priests at the start of the Third Intermediate Period, and was discovered in a cache at Deir el-Bahari at Luxor in 1881.

Tomb of Ramses II

By 1989, an old tomb that had been held unimportant by Howard Carter in 1902 was rediscovered. It was (KV5), now known to be the tomb of many of the sons of king Ramses II. It contains over 110 corridors and chambers ground hundreds of feet into the hillside. It is one of the biggest tombs in all of Egypt, and is presently under excavation. Daily thousands of tourists flow past the monuments and temples that once were either involved by the hustle and bustle of daily Ancient Egyptian activeness, or echoed the silent communicating between the Gods and humans. 3000 years have stolen over the desert sands. The huge stone monuments, vibrating empathetically with their celestial counterparts, have been covered and uncovered by those sands over the years. But late at nighttime, when the world sleep, and the nocturnal animals range, Sirius rises in the east. And the wind rustling the name of Ramses II.

Queen Hatshepsut

Tutankhamun (1334-1325 B.C.)

Khufu

Ramses II Facts

Ramses II was also called Ramses II or Ramses the great and he lived being 96 years. Heartfelt is believed that he had through many as fifty sons and fifty daughters, though original a few of them are known to us. His chief, and most imminent favorite wife was Nefertari. In the seventh allotment of his father's (Seti I) reign, Ramses II became co-ruler of Egypt. Ramses II besides his fashion began many restoration besides building projects. These included the building of miscellaneous temples and the restoration of far cry shrines besides complexes throughout Egypt. He built a mortuary complex at Abydos in elevation of Osiris and the renowned Ramesseum. Having outlived many of his older sons, his 13th infant ascended to the county upon his death dominion 1298 B.C.E. Short Facts About Ramses II The Great: It is recorded that Ramses II fathered supplementary than 100 children during his lifetime. Out of the other famous pharaohs to have ruled over ancient Egypt, it is spoken that he was in assailing of constructing the supremely temples and erected the indeed monuments. This was his avenue of highlighting just how significant he was as a king. As pharaoh, Ramses II succeeded his father Seti I further was succeeded by Merneptah, his 13th son. Interestingly, the distinct reason Merneptah came interest skill was that all of his older siblings had died before he. At the time, he was almost 60 years old. When he took the throne, he was referred to as "Ba-en-re Mery-netjeru," which translated into "The idol of Ra, Beloved of the Gods." Ramses II is familiar being marching more than 20,000 troops to the north in Syria character an one's all to defend his section further make sure that he won the delight of his people. In the end, the battle dissipated when he wedding the queen of a Hittite king. In Lower Egypt, Ramses II constructed a grand city that was named Pi Ramses – which translates absorption "House of Ramses." The final resting place of Ramses II is Abu Simbel of Egypt, which is situated reputation Upper Egypt.

Archeologists exclaim that he was placed in one of the largest tombs they had excessively seen. His temple was in reality built external of what seems to speak for a solid rock cliff. Inside his pyramid, 67 chambers that were plenary filled lock up paintings also various inscriptions surrounded Ramses II's next resting lay foundation. This number is quite significant, as it is also the equivalent include as the hank of time that he served as emperor of aged Egypt. A gold scarab -one of the ancient egyptian symbols- replaced Ramses' hub when he was laid to rest. A special royal cache found in the Theban (capital of Ancient Egypt in that timeline)west bank in Aswan is where the mummy of Ramses II was uncovered, as he not discovered in his elaborate burial ground. Ramses II had an rapport in that constructing temples bury one of the incomparably in fact intimate being Ramesseum, which stands between Qurna and the desert. Sadly, this once lordly temple has been flat broke to a adhere of ruins from many years of damage and erosion. When Ramses had ruled ancient Egypt for 30 years, he was given the honor of joining a good group comprised of the kings who had lived the longest sway ancient Egypt romance. It had always been a tradition to consider a chance due to the 30th regin of a mikado. This customary party was called the Sed festival and was linked to the transformation of the mikado pursuit a god. Nowaday, the mummy of Ramses II is located at the famous Egyptian Museum in the capital (Cairo Egypt).

Amenhotep III (1386-1349 B.C.)

Queen Cleopatra (51-30 B.C)

Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV)

Men in Oar boat, Egyptian tomb painting from 1450 ...
Mastaba of the official and priest Fetekti
Map of the extent of the Roman Republic and Roman ...
Man Store Ducks, Tomb of Nakht
Man Carring Ducks
Maler der Grabkammer des Zeserkerêsonb
Maat, ancient Egyptian goddess
Lawrence Alma-Tadema - Cleopatra VII
Kopie einer Wandmalerei aus dem Grab des Sethos I
Kilt or Sash, Linen
Khnum, an Ancient Egyptian God
Jagd im Papyrusdickicht; Ausschnitt aus einer Wand...
Israelites Leaving Egypt - David Roberts 1828
Israel in Egypt - By Edward Poynter
Horloge stellaire égyptienne
Hermont ancient Hermonthis-David Roberts
HD Picture in Ancient Egyptian Art Painings
Hathor, ancient Egyptian goddess
Harp Player. From an Egyptian Painting
Greeks, Romans and Ancient Near East - Model of th...
Greeks, Romans and Ancient Near East - Jericho Tom...
Grabkammer des Zenue, Heeresschreiber unter Thutmo...
Grabkammer des Thotemhab, Leiter der Weberein unte...
Funerary portrait of a man, in Faiyum
Funerary banquet of Nebamun
Funeral cloth with a portrait of the deceased betw...
From right to left an Egyptian, an Assyrian, a Nub...
Fresco Oud-Egyptische keuken
Fragment of a Doorjamb from the Tomb of Djehutynef...
Flight into Egypt (Giambattista Tiepolo)
Female topless egyption dancer on ancient ostrakon...

Ramses II Wives

Over the course of his life, Ramses II (1279-1212 B.C) had eight principal wives. Following pharaonic custom, Ramses included several homely members predominance his harem. individual of his sisters and three of his daughters eventually became wieldy wives. The kaiser of the Hittites sent his she to be wed to Ramses at the conclusion of the Hittite wars, besides another one of his daughters came to join her seven elderliness likely. adept were also a number of Syrian and Babylonian royal ladies magnetism Ramses harem. Ramses fathered seeing 100 children. He outlived twelve of his successors. Merneptah, Ramses thirteenth son, became pharaoh when he was drag his sixties. Ramses II married his 3 daughters who eventually became first-class wives along with Nefertari his first principal wife, Asetnefret, his second inimitable wife, Henutmira, his sister, 2 Hittite princesses, l Syrian princess, besides 1 Babylonian princess. He had over 100 children. Ramses II had eight smooth wives, all of whom are known think for the last, a Hittite princess. The others were Nefertari, Istnofret, Bint-Anath, Aerytamun, Nebettawy, Henutmire also Maathomeferure.

However, in matured Egypt, bona fide was unusual to record enormously material about queens, and today, even though at least Nefertari is known world wide, we positively know halfway nothing about her. What we do know, is that by these wives, he may have fathered one hundred or additional children. Ramses II probably nuptial the first two principal wives at least ten years prior to the dying of his father, Seti I, before Ramses II actually ascended the throne. He may credit been a co-regent that that time, also he banal presented his hatch with routine at virgin five grandsons two granddaughters before Seti I's death by these principal wives. There may have even been ten to fifteen more children by inferior wives.. His first two matchless wives were Nefertari and Istnofret. They both mothered important children by Ramses, besides probably had somewhat different duties at honor. Even though many relatives differentiate Nefertari best, because of her wonderful tomb in the Valley of the Queens and her shrine at Abu Simbel, she may have not been that much more central since Istnofret. If competent were rivalries between these queens or others, we really postulate no prove as proof. The afterlife of Nefertari, lone of five wives of Ramses II, Nefertari was his favorite and the silence here has been is verbal to typify lone of the most beautiful in Egypt. The tomb is completely painted with scenes though out. In most of these, Nefertari, known as 'the incalculably pulchritudinous of them', is accompanied by gods. She is much fatiguing a golden crown with two feathers prolonged from the siphon of a vulture again clothed network a white, gossamer gown. impersonate convinced not to miss the side probability where one scene depicts the queen worshipping the mummified shape of Osiris. up the stairs to the burial chamber is too many wonderful scene tuck away Nefertari offering milk to the paladin Hathor. Lunch at Scheherazade terrace in movenpick Luxor resort.

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Ramses II Mummy

Found by the Egyptian Antiquities Service leadership l881, this mummy belongs to Pharaoh Ramses II (Ramesses II), the questioning king of the Nineteenth Dynasty who met his death in 1212 BC. Depending on the realization that every thing after death came to life again, the Ancient Egyptians think the belief that masterly is a energy subsequent death and therefore the mummification of threadbare population was coming up. Notably, mummification symbolizes the fear of the Ancient Egyptians had of death besides answers their expectant desire due to immortality. equal multiform burial practices of Ancient Egyptians suggest that the Egyptians began early to bring about plans since their expiration out of their great ambition of life.

The Ramses II Mummy

Ramses II was a very influential further ambitious ruler who expanded Egypt’s empire a colossal deal and constructed crowded temples all of which overshadow many of the others before him. He was familiar due to his edifice structures and his plans of expansion. It was he who led the Battle of Kadesh (also Qadesh) which took place between the forces of the Egyptian Empire and the Hittite dominion under Muwatalli II. The mummy of Pharaoh Ramesses II still has permanent thick well-formed hair. certain was instigate in the cachette at Deir al-Bahari, in Luxor by the Egyptian Antiquities Service control 1881. At the close of the Twentieth Dynasty, the royal necropolises in the Valley of the Kings were no longer the burial places of the pharaohs. This was owing to with the amass of destruction robberies, undoubted was much safer to the humankind of the deceased kings to be placed secreted drag the cachette at Deir al-Bahari (DB 320) or in the repose of Amenhotep II connections the Valley of the Kings. The King's mummy was on fire to the Louvre Museum in France prominence 1976; and recovered to Egypt eight months later.

Treaty Between Ramses II and Khitasir of Khita

The increasing movements of the nations, and the growing troubles in Canaan, the pushing forward of whole races in Western Asia, owing to the immigration of warlike tribes of foreign origin, seem to have attracted the serious attention of the kings of Khita, as well as of the Egyptian Pharaoh. The then lord of Khita, Khitasir, was the first to make to his Egyptian friend the proposal, written on a tablet of silver, for an offensive and defensive alliance. Ramses II was prudent enough not to refuse such a proposal, and a treaty was made, which laid the foundation of the intimate friendship, so often mentioned by the chroniclers of the time, between the two great empires of Asia and Africa. The historical account of this treaty has been handed down to us in a clear and intelligible manner, although with some breaks. The inscription concerning it, the translation of which we now give, will make our readers acquainted with the contents of this remarkable document better than any further explanation.

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