Khnumhotep I

The hieroglyphic
name of Khnumhotep I

Khnumhotep I was an ancient Egyptian Extended Chief of the Oryx nome (the 16th nome of Upper Egypt) during the rule of Pharaoh Amenemhat I of the 12th Dynasty, Middle Kingdom.

Khnumhotep I is the earliest famous member of a important family of nomarchs and officials, housed in Men'at Khufu, which gone for most of the 12th dynasty; legion of Khnumhotep's posterities were addressed after him, the most famous of them comprises his grandson Khnumhotep II, well noted for his tomb's important decorations. Some biographical information about Khnumhotep I got from his tomb at Beni Hasan (BH14) besides as from that of his grandson Khnumhotep II (BH3).

The entrance of Khnumhotep I tomb

Khnumhotep's mother was a lady called Baqet whilst his father's name is unknown. His family apparently substituted an earlier family of nomarchs who were about at Men'at Khufu during the second part of the 11th Dynasty, whose members were usually described Khety or Baqet (a prominent member of this family was Baqet III).

From the letterings in Khnumhotep's tomb is placed that early in his career he kept company Amenemhat I in a military expedition got to expel a foe from Egypt. The name of this enemy is deliberately omitted in order to foreclose his unplanned immortality, but was undoubtedly one of Amenemhat's matches for the crown, perchance Segerseni. Ultimately, Amenemhat emerged victorious over Nubians and Asiatics and Khnumhotep was rewarded for his loyalty with the title counting of Men'at Khufu. Khnumhotep I later was given other titles such as great lord of the Oryx nome, familial prince and count, wearer of the royal stamp, sole companion, and was also in charge of an serious office at Nekhen.

He married a woman addressed Zatipi. Afterwards Khunmhotep's death, his titles given to his son Nakht, then to a seemingly misrelated man named Amenemhat and then again to one of his relatives, Netjernakht. Khnumhotep I besides had a daughter, Baqet, herself mother of the aforementioned Khnumhotep II who transmitted the title of nomarch after Netjernakht. See "Nomarchs of the Oryx nome" for advance notes about his genealogy.

Recent Posts:


·        Khety I
·        Khety II
·        Khety III
·        Altar
·        Mehy
·        Neferhotep (Priest)
·        Khian
·        Meir

Meir

The hieroglyphic
name of Meir

The contemporary village of Meir is placed due west of the town el-Qusiya in Middle Egypt. To the southern of the village is the archaeological site, the  necropolis of the former capital of Nome XIV of Upper Egypt.

The tombs of Meir

Meir Location

Very little is noted about this site, which was extensively broken in the nineteenth century and heedlessly excavated in the twentieth century. There is not even an accurate site  plan, but some of the the Old and Middle Kingdom tombs are nicely recorded in issues. Decorated with strong reliefs, these rock-cut tombs were inscribed in the low  hills westward of Meir. A First Intermediate Period cemetery perchance  gone  on  the desert plain to the east.

Group A of Meir tombs

Although  finds  at  the  site  run  in  date  from  the  Old  Kingdom  to  Graeco-Roman times, the archeologic record is very poor for most periods except the Old and Middle Kingdom. From these periods are five densities of rock-cut tombs, designated A, B, C, D and E, in an order from north to south. The most serious Old Kingdom group is A, where the finely decorated and well extended tombs of the chief priests of the cult of Hathor of Qusiya are placed. Tomb A2, of Pepi-ankh, is well knew for its unusually detailed representation of the funerary ritual. Groups B and C contain tombs of the 12th Dynasty,  with  lively  and  passing  well  carved  reliefs  and  paintings,  accepting  the famous  ancestor  list  of  the  governor  (nomarch)  Ukhhotep  III  (Tomb  B4).  Tomb  C1, belonging to Ukhhotep IV, is special in that, apart from the tomb owner, only females are showed on its walls. Substitute tombs here have likewise developed a high quantity of Middle Kingdom coffins graphic with funerary texts famous as the Coffin Texts.

Recent Posts:

·        Alexandria
·        Alexandria Battle 47 B.C.E
·        Khety I
·        Khety II
·        Khety III
·        Altar
·        Mehy
·        Neferhotep (Priest)
·        Khian

Khian

The Horus name of Khian

Khian was one of the  great  Hyksos rulers of the 15th Dynasty (1640-1532 B.C.E.). He  ruled  from  Avaris in  the  eastside  Delta  on  the Bubastite  separate  of  the Nile,  and  he  was  a  vigorous monarch, disdain the fact that Upper Egypt, the southern domain,  was  in  the  control  of  Thebes.  Khian's  dedications  are  still  visible  whole  across  Egypt  and  even  in  the Knossus of Crete. A granite lion form that was established into the wall of a put up in Baghdad, Iraq, takes his name as well. He decorated shrines at Gebelein and Bubastis, and Scarabs and seal feeling of his name have been addressed  in  the  Levant.  A  fragment  of  a  vase  with  his titles  was  excavated  at  Hattusas, the capital of Hittite.

Lion inscribed with
the cartouche of Khyan

Recent Posts:



·        Alexandria Battle 47 B.C.E
·        Khety I
·        Khety II
·        Khety III
·        Altar
·        Mehy
·        Neferhotep (Priest)

Neferhotep (Priest)

Neferhotep was a priest from the Eighteenth Dynasty of the New Kingdom, c. 1300 BC. A modern of King Horemheb, Neferhotep was a priest of the Temple of God Amun in Thebes. His tomb (TT 50) takes an instance of a Harper's Song, a literate genre of which there are a number of living examples. The harpist-singer, presumptively of Neferhoteps household, is unknown. His song is rather wary in attitude, suggesting that life is a dream.

Recent Posts:



·        Khesuwer
·        Alexandria
·        Alexandria Battle 47 B.C.E
·        Khety I
·        Khety II
·        Khety III
·        Altar
·        Mehy

Mehy

Mehy was an formal of the Nineteenth Dynasty who found the wrath of Ramses II. He  started  his  career  in  the  prevail  of  Seti I (1306-1290 B.C.E.).  Mehy's  rank  and  purpose  stay  a  mystery.  The agents of Ramses II (1290-1224 B.C.E.), the replacement of  Seti I, vandalized  Mehys  eases  in  his  tomb.  Such backups  would  have  provided  details  about  his  service  to the pharaohs. It is obvious that Mehy was a warrior. He was  normally  shown  in  princely  trappings  and seemed on Seti I's war rests. Some of the love songs of the era mention the fact that Mehy was a lower by birth, and  he  was  maybe  a  favorite of Seti I. In either case he gained the enmity of Ramses II and was singled out for eternal discredit by having his tomb portrayals damaged.

Recent Posts:



·        Neferhotep III
·        Kheruef
·        Mehu
·        Alexander Helios
·        Khesuwer
·        Alexandria
·        Alexandria Battle 47 B.C.E
·        Khety I
·        Khety II
·        Khety III
·        Altar

Altar

Altar called a khat by Egyptians, this was a table of offers in temples and tomb chapels, in purpose  from  the earlier eras on the Nile. An altar intentional out of travertine alabaster was taken in the sun temple of Niuserre (2416-2392  B.C.E.) at Abu Ghurob. Tuthmosis III (1479-1425 B.C.E.) shown the great religious complex of Karnak at Thebes with a pink granite altar. The New Kingdom (1550-1070 B.C.E.) altars had got into vast stone  tables  with  ramps  and  steps  that  added  to  their authority. The limestone altar of the god R-Horakhte at Deir El-Bahri, on the western shore of Thebes, had ten steps taking to its dais. The God Aten altars at Amarna were projected with ramps and courtyards. In the Late Period (712-332  B.C.E.),  altars  with  horned  projects  were  used, named of stone or brick cubes with raised trees.

Recent Posts:



·        Kheruef
·        Mehu
·        Alexander Helios
·        Khesuwer
·        Alexandria
·        Alexandria Battle 47 B.C.E
·        Khety I
·        Khety II
·        Khety III

Khety III

The hieroglyphic
name of Khety III

Khety III was the third ruler of the Ninth Dynasty. The date of his prevail is unknown. Khety III is august as the author of statements for Merikare, a didactic text that was called to his son. The Instructions are valuable for their historical position of the First Intermediate Period (2134-2040 B.C.E.) and for their portrayal of Khety III. He had witnessed the violation made on the city of Thinis by his friends at Assiut and sorely repented the issue.

During the violation a necropolis had been gone and desecrated, on with shrines and temples. The secondary aroused the Theban royal line and set them on a military cause that would destroy the Herakleopolitans. Inyotef II of Thebes was a topical of Khety III, who as well fought  against  attacking  Bedouins  and  Asiatics  passim his prevail.

Recent Posts:



·        Khert-neter
·        Neferhotep I
·        Neferhotep III
·        Kheruef
·        Mehu
·        Alexander Helios
·        Khesuwer
·        Alexandria
·        Alexandria Battle 47 B.C.E
·        Khety I
·        Khety II

Khety II

The hieroglyphic
name of Khety II

Khety II was an ancient Egyptian nomarch of the 13th nomos of Upper Egypt ("the Upper Sycamore") during the reign of pharaoh Merykare of the 10th Dynasty (c. 21st century BCE, in the First Intermediate Period).

He was one of the close of a long line of nomarchs in Assiut with good bonds of loyalty and friendship towards the Herakleopolite dynasty: his father was the nomarch Tefibi, himself boy of the nomarch Khety I, and a Herakleopolite pharaoh had joined the mourning for the latter's grandfather (i.e. Khety II's great-great-grandfather). After Tefibi's death, Khety II was installed as a nomarch by king Merykare himself, who brushed up the Nile with his court on a fleet. It is known that Khety II undertook some restitution works in the local temple of Wepwawet.

Part of painting from
the tomb of Khety II

He was loyal to the 10th Dynasty until the end, and probably died shortly before the come of Assiut by the Theban pharaoh Mentuhotep II of the 11th Dynasty, which introduced the final capitulation of Herakleopolis and thus the end of the civil war. Under the reign of Mentuhotep II, the old line of nomarchs presented by Khety II and his ancestors was exchanged by a new, pro-Theban one.

His unfinished tomb at Asyut (no. IV) is the best maintained among the tombs of his relations, which are unfortunately ruined, and it is likewise the only one mentioning a royal name (Merykare). It has been excavated different times since the late 19th century, most Late in 2003-2006.

Recent Posts:



·        Khert-neter
·        Neferhotep I
·        Neferhotep III
·        Kheruef
·        Mehu
·        Alexander Helios
·        Khesuwer
·        Alexandria
·        Alexandria Battle 47 B.C.E
·        Khety I

Khety I

Khety I was an ancient Egyptian nomarch of the 13th nomos of Upper Egypt ("the Upper Sycamore") through the 10th dynasty (c. 21st century BCE, during the First Intermediate Period). Alike many other topical governors, he as well was a priest of the native deity Wepwawet. It is generally took that Khety I was the earliest of a trio of connected nomarchs datable to the Herakleopolite period; he was belike was by his son Tefibi and then by his grandson Khety II.

He was member of a long note of nomarchs in Assiut with strong ties of commitment and friendship towards the Herakleopolite dynasty: as a kid he was raised along with the herakleopolite royal princes and their father  the pharaoh  appointed Khety as nomarch and also joined the mourning for the death of Khety's grandpa.

Khety subject his nomos during a pacific period, and is known that he ordered the realisation of many new irrigation canals and required the upkeep of the existing ones, thus expanding the productive land. During a period of famine got by a especially small of the Nile flood, he contributed grain to the people of his district, although he denied the grain to the denizens of the neighboring nomoi, also affected by famine, by closing the surrounds of his district. Although he found during passive times, Khety boasted his power as a warrior and ordered the system of a provincial defence militia. Afterwards his death Khety was entombed in Asyut (tomb V) and his titles passed to his son Tefibi, who is likely to have lived during the prevail of Wahkare Khety and Merykare.

Recent Posts:



·        Khert-neter
·        Neferhotep I
·        Neferhotep III
·        Kheruef
·        Mehu
·        Alexander Helios
·        Khesuwer
·        Alexandria
·        Alexandria Battle 47 B.C.E

Alexandria Battle 47 B.C.E

Alexandria  Battle, the  military causes between Julius Caesar and the forces holding Ptolemy XIII (51-47 B.C.E.) in Egypts capital. Caesar was under besieging in Alexandria from August 48 B.C.E. to February 47 B.C.E. after putting Cleopatra VII on the throne and expatriating  Ptolemy  to  the  desert.  The  Romans  represented  the royal  residency  at  Alexandria from  land  effects  and  an Egyptian  naval  effect.  Setting  fire  to  these  ships,  Caesar inadvertently  engulfed  the  Library of Alexandria in flames as well. Caesar as well took Pharos Island, the site of the beacon of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the World.

By  January  47  B.C.E., Caesar  was  thoroughly  included  by  Egyptians,  but  Mithridates  of  Pergamum come with 20,000 men. Caesar had sent for him at the start  of  the  campaign.  When  the  new  allies  entered  the difference, Caesar went out to confront Ptolemy XIII in the desert part. The battle of the Nile resulted, with Caesar winning.

Recent Posts:



·        Khert-neter

·        Neferhotep I

·        Neferhotep III

·        Kheruef

·        Mehu

·        Alexander Helios

·        Khesuwer

·        Alexandria

Alexandria

The hieroglyphic
name of Alexandria

Alexandria was the capital of Ptolemaic Egypt,  founded in 331 B.C.E. by Alexander the essential as the result of a vision, the vanquisher chose the place of Rhakotis in the southwestern Delta of the Nile.  Rhakotis  was  an  ancient town, dating to the New Kingdom (1550-1070  B.C.E.) and was set on the westernmost Nile tributary. Two limestone rooftrees run parallel to the coast of Alexandria, the  outer  one  breaking  the  waves  and  the inner  ridge restrictive the city against shifting alluvium. Alexander ordered a causeway, called the  Heptastadion,  seven stades  long,  to  link  the  rooftrees. Two ancient  harbors were on either  lateral:  the  Eunostos  or  Harbor  of  Safe Return on the west, and the extended Harbor on the east. A third harbor, on  Lake  Mareotis, linked  the  city  to  the Nile.

Location of Alexandria

Two  suburban  areas,  Neopolis  and  the Island of Pharos,  were  involved  in  Alexanders  original  plans.  He did not continue in Egypt, however, and ne'er saw the city being  constructed  in  his  name.  Alexanders  viceroy, Cleomenes of Naukratis, was so the actual creator of Egypt's new capital, which was ideally situated for trade and  commerce  and  expanded  rapidly. Dinocrates,  the Greek  city  contriver  from  Rhodes,  managed  the  actual construction.

The center of the city was designed to provide trade centers, residences, sunken romances, and even catacombs. The Serapeum, the devoted burial site and shrine of the sacred Apis bulls, was developed on the hill of Rhakotis in the citys  oldest  section.  Royal  residences,  municipal  buildings,  and  government  seats  were  as well  introduced.  Two other structures as well got acclaim to the new capital: the  Library of Alexandria and  the  lighthouse at Pharos. The continues of Alexander the extended were reportedly come out in the Soma of the city after being regenerated to the  capital  by Ptolemy I Soter in  323  B.C.E. Ptolemaic mausoleums and the tombs of Antony and Cleopatra VII have disappeared over the centuries, along with the vanquishers body.

Thousands  of  new  residents  flocked  to  Alexandria, and  awards  of  property,  called  a  cleruchy, were  given  to foreign  mercenaries  who  domiciled  in  the  city  and  made themselves  clear  for  military service.  A  Greek  elite moved from Naukratis (el-Nibeira), the original Hellenic outstation, and some laws and regulating were given to protect their special status.

Recent Posts:



·        Khert-neter
·        Neferhotep I
·        Neferhotep III
·        Kheruef
·        Mehu
·        Alexander Helios
·        Khesuwer

Khesuwer

Khesuwer was a religious official of the Twelfth Dynasty. He attended as an examiner of the Prophets of Hathor in the rule of Senwosret I (1971-1926 B.C.E.). His tomb was saw close Kom el-Hisn, addressed the Mound of the Fort. The chambers of the stone tomb are painted and scenic. A temple to Hathor and Sekhmet once bore on the site.

Recent Posts:



·        Khepresh
·        Neferhotep
·        Alexander Aetolus
·        Alexander Balas (150-146 BC)
·        Khert-neter
·        Neferhotep I
·        Neferhotep III
·        Kheruef
·        Mehu
·        Alexander Helios

Alexander Helios

Alexander Helios (Born 40 BC) was a Ptolemaic prince and was the eldest son of the Macedonian queen Cleopatra VII of Ptolemaic Egypt by Roman triumvir Mark Antony. Alexander's brotherlike twin sister was Cleopatra Selene II. The twins were of Macedonian Greek and Roman inheritance, Cleopatra addressed her son after her collateral ancestor, Alexander the great. His second name in Ancient Greek substances "Sun"; this was the similitude of his twin sisters second name Selene, meaning "Moon".

Alexander Helios was born and learned in Alexandria. He was the second of Cleopatra's three sons, Caesarion being the oldest. In late 34 BC, at the Donations of Alexandria, he was given the title of "King of Kings". His parents likewise made him rule of Armenia, Media, Parthia and any areas yet to be discovered between the Euphrates and Indus Rivers, disdain the fact that nearly of this soil stood outside of their control at that time. These areas were, in fact, already ruled by Artaxias II of Armenia (who had been electoral King that same year after Antony fascinated his father Artavasdes II), Artavasdes I of Media Atropatene and Phraates IV of Parthia. In 33 BC, Alexander was engaged to his distant relative Iotapa, a Princess of Media Atropatene and girl of Artavasdes I. However, Mark Antony and Cleopatra were overcome by Octavian at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. The next year, they trusted suicide as Octavian and his army overrun Egypt. Iotapa left Egypt to return to her father and late married her maternal full cousin King Mithridates III of Commagene, who was of Armenian and Greek stock.

When Octavian suppressed Egypt, he spared Alexander, but taken him, his sister and his brother Ptolemy Philadelphus from Egypt to Rome. Octavian celebrated his military exult in Rome by marching the children in heavy golden strings in the streets behind an effigy of their mother holding tight an asp to her arm. It is unclear whether Ptolemy Philadelphus survived the journey to Rome, as Cassius Dio only notes the twins in his History of Rome. Octavian gave the children to Octavia Minor, his elder sister and a former wife of Mark Antony, to be rose under her guardianship in Rome. They were liberally received by Octavia, who developed them with her own nippers.

The fate of Alexander Helios is obscure. Plutarch, Cassius Dio and Suetonius state that Octavian killed Antonys son Marcus Antonius Antyllus and Cleopatra's son with Julius Caesar, Caesarion. The only further mention of Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelphus does from Cassius Dio, who states that when their sister Cleopatra Selene II married King Juba II, Octavian (then addressed Augustus) spared the lives of Alexander Helios and Ptolemy Philadelphus as a privilege to the couple.

Recent Posts:



·        Alexander Aetolus
·        Alexander Balas (150-146 BC)
·        Khert-neter
·        Neferhotep I
·        Neferhotep III
·        Kheruef
·        Mehu