Famous Pharaohs

Anendjib (2949—2897)

Cartouche name of Merbiape

Anedjib was the fifth king during the first dynasty. He kept Memphis as his capitol city throughout his 14 years of rule. Anedjib's crown carried the symbols of both Upper and Lower Egypt, a representation of the unification of the country associate his power. Historians, however, doubt that Anedjib really controlled the northern, due to the fact that the northern Nomes rebelled against him always throughout his reign. His wife, Queen Betrest, was the mother of King Semerkhet, who was his successor. The queen provided Anedjib with legitimacy and power since she was a related from the Memphite royal line. Anedjib is a swayer that not so often is known about. He was also called Enezib and Merbiapen and governed from Memphis. According to Manetho (Af.) who called him Miebidos, his reign was 26 years. He may have come to power by marriage to queen Betrest of the Memphite royal family and in that case he was not son of pharaoh Den. A struggle between the Lower Egyptian classes and the south seems to have been temporary solved by Anedjib whose name is the first of all kings in the Sakkara list. Maybe he was the first king not to be directly related to the Thinis line of pharaohs. However the theory that he was an supplanter (or his successor was) and wasn't established by all his generation, has some means, because his memorials were deliberately violated by his immediate follower on the throne. His name in a serek has been deleted and the new king's put there instead in many stone vessels found at Sakkara.

Likewise there his name has only been found in two other places in Egypt: Abydos and Helwan, and out its borders possibly at En Besor in southern Palestine. At Sakkara a great mastaba, plausibly for his prime minister, revealed a new architectural building within when it was dug out in the 1950s. In contrast his own tomb in Abydos was a crude small construction and so were the rows of 64 satellite tombs. This high number tells that though is rule seems to have been a step backwards for the country as a whole (internal struggle?) the pharaoh's power over the commoners was unbroken.

King Anendjib's Burial place:

His tomb in abydos (tomb x), very small with burial chamber of wood. 64 alternative burials. Its Walls about 1.3 –1.6 meters. It was take one of the lowest Egyptian royal tombs.

Den (Udimu) (2963—2949)

Cartouche of Den

Den was created a chancelor place for Lower Egypt filled by hemaka, who has a tomb at saqqara first 'double crown' representation. Den was the fourth king during the first Dynasty. Because the king came to power in Egypt as an infant, Queen Merenith was established as his political advisor, which essentially meant that she ruled Egypt until he was capable of doing so himself. Den governed Egypt for about fifty years after Djet (Wadj) (2970—2963). He was an energetic and athletic person, and was artistic as well. He figures in the Ebers papyrus as well as the Berlin medical Papyrus. Den was militarily actibe in the Sinai, which was straight by his concern in protective the mineral resources of the peninsula. His mortuary complex was built in the ancient city of Abydos, but his body was buried at Saqqara. When king Den was old sufficient to take care of office from his mother, he became a great leader. He had a essential length of reign, credibly much longer then the twenty years he is given by Manetho. Many things remaining of him is found from all over Egypt, and he is by far the greatest documented of all kings from the first dynasty. His name was hardly pronounced "Den" the way he is usually called, and other names were Semti and Udimu. Zemti was spelled by a the hieroglyphic sign for "high desert" or "foreign land", probably to commemorate his deeds making campaigns against people at the north border as well as the desert mountains in the eastern Nile Valley. One of these efforts is depicted on a known ivory label, now in British Museum.

Ebony label (from Den's tomb)

Den had a comfortable time on the throne, and art , and economy seem to have expanded. Many innovations saw the daylight during his reign and he adopted the double crown to underline his dual kingship over the two countries. His tomb at the royal burial ground at Abydos was an ordinary square memorial, but had a new feature in form of a very long broad staircase leading directly to the grave chamber. This new architectural design was rapidly adopted in the secret tomb sector as well as the following pharaohs. He is said to have improved the administration, and on the Palermo Stone is recorded that he had a nose-count "of all people of the northern, west and east" taking place in the country, obviously to see how many subjects he was ruling, and could make pay taxes. About 30 great mastabas from his reign were developed by officials from Saqqara and up north to Abu Roash. This was far more than during the dominates of his predecessors who only had a few established during their time on the throne.

Djet (Wadj) (2970—2963)

Djet or Wadj, the third king of the 1st Egyptian Dynasty. His stela is exposed at the Louvre in Paris. It is made of limestone sliced by the sculptor Serekh. The stele was discovered almost the ancient city of Abydos where Wadj's mortuary complex is located. The only other place that Egyptologists found a quotation to him was in an inscription near the city of Edfu, to the south of Egypt. His wife was Queen Mereneith, who acted as mentor and advisor for his successor, King Den. King Djet have variants of his name alike Uadji and Zet, but Wadjet is probably the correct form. His Horus-name was written by a snake. Manetho gives a king called Kenkenes 31 years and one called Uenepes 23, and likely one of them is Djet, the latter one being the most future.

King Djet's Burial position:

His tomb in Abydos had a new feature - little rooms close the grave chamber within the building itself, a feature similar to mastabas. From the same site he has left a masterpiece of Egyptian art from all times - a magnificent over two metre high stone stele found outside the tomb, now in the Louvre in Paris. It was from the beginning erected at the spot marking the position where visitors cold give protection to the remembering of the dead pharaoh. The tomb itself had probably no visible part above ground in contrast to his rite area by the Nile, with its high walls. A year-label came to light, establishing the king's name and symbols doing Upper and Lower Egypt - the vulture and the red royal crown. Other memorials from Djet's reign are a couple of large mastabas at Tarkhan but most of all a fantastic large mastaba (nr 3504) from the capital's necropolis at Sakkara. It measures 20 by 50 metres and was located by English archaeologist Emery in 1953-56. It had over four hundred bulls' heads sculptured with good horns all placed in straight rows around the walls, and beside it stood of over 60 side burials for retainers. The grave chamber was plundered briefly after the burial by robbers tunneling in from the side and setting fire to the wooden roof and lining. A carefully restoration took position probably in the rule of king Qaa at the end of the dynasty, when new offer and goods were put in.

Mernieth

Tomb stela of Merneith,
in the Umm el-Qa'ab.

When Flinders Petrie, English archaeologist, re-excavated the tombs at the old burial ground of Abydos during 1901 he accidentally found an unfamiliar tomb whose owner bore the name Mer-Neith. The monument itself was a traditional building under ground with side chambers within like the mastaba tombs accompanied with side burials of retainers outside.

At first he thought that he had found an unknown king, but soon new fact came to light telling the unexpected truth that Mer-Neith was a woman.

It became clear that she was the widow and queen of king Djet and held office during the puerility and youth of their son, the next ruler to be - king Den whose name appeared in the grave. A proof of her position in the sequence of leaders was later found on a seal impression from the tomb of her son, where her name was put along with the ruling kings but without the king's insignia - the Horus falcon. In other lists from later times however, the Egyptians did not mention her, only her son. Above all, her name was found on a fine stele made of stone that credibly have had the same function as the one found from her husband - to mark the place of offering for the veneration of her immortal individual. For later commemoration she also had a ritual area in Abydos, beside the ones from five other regents. Her name contains the old patroness and war goddess from Lower Egypt - Neith and means: "beloved by Neith", whose regalia, (shield and arrows), are present on small labels from this time as well as her big stela. That the queen thus was a native of the Delta is a plausible guess, thereby making a sort of matrimonial alliance between the northern and the South, but this is so far not confirmed. Few remains attested to her of found outside Abydos probably due to the fact that all official sign, marks of property etc were made in the name of her little son. An exception is a great mastaba (Nr 3503, 16x42 m) in Sakkara where her name has been found as inscriptions on stone vessels, jars and seal impressions.

King Mernieth's Burial place:

His tomb in saqqara (3507) and abydos (tomb y) support her rule. Primitively missed, but found by Petrie. The central chamber is included with 8 storerooms whwere certain jars were found. The burial chamber contains the stela of Merytneith. 41 alternative graves. Tomb Y, Umm el Ga’ab.

Djer (Itit) (3016—2970)

Cartouche of Djer

Djer was the second pharaoh during the 1st Dynasty, when the crown still resided at Memphis. He was the son of Aha and one of his lesser placed wives, a woman named Hent. Djer established a palace at Memphis where he ruled Egypt from for fifty years. He also launched a successful military effort to fight the Hekssus in Sinai. His name was found in an inscription on the Wadi Halfa, south of the first Cataract, proving the boundaries of his reign. Djer's wife was Queen Herneith. He was sunk in a mortuary complex which is named the True Essential of the god Osiris.

His tomb, at abydos, (tomb o) holds 300 alternative burials, just weest of Aha; made of brick 70 x 40 meters. In the Umm el- Ga’ab section tomb believed to hold Osiris and focus of pilgrimages. Later mistaken for the tomb of Osiris. Discovered by Emile Amelineau in 1895 with a 5 year contract for mining.

King Djer's Burial position:

He was a low archeaologist – probably he got the contract because he was friends with the manager of the Egyptian Antiquities Service in Cairo – and discovered the “Tomb of Osiris” in "Umm el Ga’ab", an area simply prosperous with artifacts. He completely cleared the tomb between January 1 and January 12th, discarding whole piles of artifacts and retaining only complete objects. Most things were simply ignored if the felt them of no value.l. He found a basalt statue on a bier (similar to the funerary couch of Tut) in the tomb, and a skull in one chamber. He decided (quite arbitrarily, based on the stiarcase) that this was athe tomb of Osiris himself, and the skull was that of the god – or, in his view, a true historical figure. The skull was later identified as that of a woman,b ut this did not change Emile’s view.

Menes (Horus Aha) (3050—2890 BCE)

Narmer

This is new lights about Knig Menes, this who founded memphis and crocodopolis.Aha is known for more people as King Menes of Memphis. He was the founding of the 1st Dynasty, . First king to unify Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom. Ancient Egypt's most frequent form of civilization began with his crowning, and did not end for good until the beginning of the Roman epoch, which started with Augustus Caeser. Menes founded the city of Memphis, and chose as its location an island in the Nile, so that it would be easy to defend. Menes was also the founder of Crocodopolis. During his time, the Egyptian army performed raids against the Nubians in the southern and expanded his sphere of shape as far as the First Cataract. His chief wife was Queen Berenib, though she was not the mother of his successor, King Djer, and his mother was Neithotepe. His death is a secret, for, according to legend he was attacked by wild dogs and Nile crocodiles in Faiyum . Menes' tomb rests at Saqqara, the famed necropolis of Memphis. He died at the age of Sixty Three.

Pharaoh Aha is by custom among archaeologists the pharaoh that established the first dynasty and a long reign and repositories and other remains attested to him have been got all over Egypt. If he was the first king (by historian Manetho called Menes) he was supposed to have been in office for 62 years. He was an active ruler put forward the god Ptah from his new capital Memphis who patron of creation and handicraft. This township (or more likely a shrine within it) originally had the name "Hiku-Ptah" later to be corrupt by foreigners to the name "Egypt". All forms of craftsmanship and art was supported during his rule, and he was a pacifier between the two fractions in the country after the Upper (southern) part's taking over of the Lower (northern). Manetho says that during this time the Egyptian people learned how to live in a civilized manner, and worship the gods in a unique way. The first great mastaba tomb at Sakkara (the royal graveyard of Memphis) is from Aha's reign (Nr 3357, ~ 42 x 15 m), and was the first ever to have a boat buried beside. This custom with maritime association was to continue for thousands of years.

At the same place great mastabas were established for persons believed to have been high officials and likely close relations to the king or his queen. Very few remains (if any) from king Aha are found out Egypt and just a single find of foreign pottery is base from his reign. A big change is showed in his tomb complex at Abydos, so different from his predecessors' and presumed father Narmer's. The main buildings are three chambers with very thick walls placed in a row. Like the other doing tombs they were lined inside with wood and roofed with wooden beams. Completing the row were 34 minor tombs for retainers who had observed their master into the next world. I they were sacrificed or buried over after their natural death, is not known. This strongly points that Aha had a supreme and probably divine power, a inheritance that should become the distinctive mark for the Egyptian state in the time to come. The first chamber was the burying place of the king himself and there was found written text of a cargo freight to the Delta with offering goods to a shrine, all carved in to a tiny little label of wood. The second chamber is thought to belong to his queen named Bernerib (meaning "Sweet of Hearts"). Her name was found in some side burials credibly belonging to her servants. This means that the complex was great over time and investigations from the 1990s confirms that many royal tombs at Abydos was altered several times. Aha is a strong prospect to be the legendary king Menes - the unifier and first king of Egypt. Another strong candidate is his supposed father Narmer, who lacks monuments from the capital Memphis but is recorded as the founder by the Egyptians.

Osireion

The name given to the Cenotaph of Seti i (r. 1306–1290 b.c.e.) at Abydos, erected to serve as his enormous mortuary temple in Osiris holy metropolis, the shape became unfinished at the time of Seti i’s death. his grand-son Merenptah (r. 1224–1214 b.c.e.) completed it in his honor, and the temple stands as a awesome example of Egyptian architectural and artistic advances. the custom of erecting cenotaphs, or false, secondary tombs, in the holy city of Abydos dates to the earliest eras on the Nile. Seti i’s temple meditated this culture but added the factors of the artisans and builders of his era. the walls of this temple were blanketed with passages from the e-book of the lifeless, the e-book of gates, astronomical treatises, and other texts. a unique function of the Osireion became an island that became surrounded through canals that held the water. the fake sarcophagus of the pharaoh rested on the island.

A portico opened onto a shrine, main to the first Hypostyle hall that contained 12 pairs of papyrus columns and complex and beautiful reliefs. seven chapels had been additionally included in the layout and caused a 2nd Hypostyle corridor that had reliefs of nome standards. the gods commemorated in this section encompass Ptah, Ré-harakhte, Amun, Osiris, Isis, Horus, and Ptah-sokar. an Osirian chapel results in a Cultic ceremonial hall with chambers. the gallery of the king lists is on this phase, alongside a hall of bulls, and a shrine for a Sokar boat. the authentic shrine at the web page turned into probable erected inside the antique nation (2575–2134 b.c.e.). Seti i’s structure, constructed on the inspiration, turned into made out of quartzite, sandstone, and granite. Merenptah (1224–1214 b.c.e.) brought an extended passage, embellished with scenes from the book of the dead.

Shunet ez Zebib

This site (Shunet ez Zebib) is a double walled fort referred to as “the storehouse of dates” and positioned at the northern boundary of Abydos at Umm el-Ga’ab, this necropolis region dates to the early dynastic length (2920–2575 b.c.e.). the funerary enclosure of Kha’sekhemwy (r. c. 2649 b.c.e.) changed into product of mud brick and erected at the website. it's miles revered because the oldest standing enormous shape in the global and is a part of Shunet ez Zebib. the walls of the complete structure are giant. cenotaphs were located, in addition to a sequence of boat pits.

Umm el-Ga’ab (Umm el-Qa'ab)

General view of area of Umm el-Ga’ab

Umm El-Ga’ab or Umm el-Qa'ab, it was the necropolis of the metropolis of Abydos, referred to as “the mother of pots” by using present day neighborhood residents. this become one in every of Egypt’s earliest cemeteries, utilized by the rulers of the first dynasty (2920–2770 b.c.e.). second dynasty (2770–2649 b.c.e.) monuments, associated with Peribsen and Kha’sekhemwy, had been also determined on the website, referred to as “Peger” in some data. a few Predynastic graves are also at Umm El-Ga’ab.

the superstructures of the royal tombs have been destroyed over the centuries, exposing the stays of brick-covered burial pits. the rulers deposited Stelae and clay sealing in those chambers as well as ivory figurines and mortuary furniture. the tomb of Djer, the 2d ruler of the first dynasty, was declared the resting place of the deity Osiris. as a end result, the tomb obtained many honors and votive offerings, specially for the duration of the new nation duration (1550–1070 b.c.e.). a tomb relationship to the twenty-first dynasty (1070–945 b.c.e.) changed into erected for Psusennes, the son of the high priest of Amun, Menkheperresenb (2), at Umm El-Ga’ab. the tomb has a chapel, burial shaft, and mortuary stela. the web page is famous for the sounds made by way of the finely grained sands of the place. this sand makes Aeolian melodies whilst blown over the ruins and the dunes by using the wind. the Egyptians believed the sounds originated within the tombs.

Kom El Sultan (Osiris’s temple)

temple of Osiris at Kom El Sultan

Kom El Sultan turned into the principal shrine of Osiris in Abydos, now called Kom El Sultan by means of the Egyptians. there had been many sites of worship dedicated to Osiris in the Nile valley and past, but the god’s foremost cultic temple changed into placed in Abydos, the city devoted to him. most effective the ramparts of the temple are seen today. a limestone portico erected with the aid of Ramsesii (r. 1290–1224 b.c.e.) is also obtrusive. the temple, referred to as the Osireion in some records, dates to the third dynasty (2649–2575 b.c.e.) or possibly in advance. this is older than the Osireion erected by using Seti i (r. 1306–1290 b.c.e.).

Arabet Abydos (el-Araba el Madfuna)

Temple of Seti i in Arabet Abydos

Arabet Abydos or El-araba El Madfuna, in Egypt ,Sohag. in El-araba located a massive temple of Seti i ,excavation project of ministry of antiquities history observed limestone historic Egyptian chapel from 11th dynasty.excavation came within framework of cleaning programme performed through MAH in area,after tourism antiquities police caught population trying to illegally excavate searching for artefacts.Ali El-asfar,head of historic Egyptian section at MAH ,said chapel could be very well preserved placed 150metres n of temple of king Seti i.

Dendera (Inuit)

Dendera temple

Thebes, the capital of the sixth nome of upper Egypt and the cultic middle of the goddess Hathor. the town became called Inuit or Tantere with the aid of the Egyptians. the goddess Isis changed into also venerated within the area, and the Egyptians most important tained a crocodile sanctuary there. in the early intervals, Dendereh changed into at the trade direction from Qena to the red sea.

the foremost chapel, dedicated to Hathor, dates to the reign of khufu (cheops, 2551–2528b.c.e.), and another from the eleventh dynasty (2134–1991 b.c.e.) become discovered close to a sacred lake at Dendereh. the primary temple became original out of a stone platform on a sand foundation with a mud-brick enclosure wall. a Propylon front leads to a transverse hypostyle corridor with 24 columns. a second hall has six columns and a brief ramp. additionally protected in the temple are the corridor of offerings, an inner vestibule, and the hall of the cycle of the gods. numerous chapels are also in the complex, the according to-ur, committed to the start of the brand new year; according to-nu, honoring the adventure of the goddess to Edfu; according to-neser, committed to the goddess as a lioness. beneath, there are 32 treasure crypts. the main temple reliefs at Dendereh also point out Pepi i (r. 2289–2255 b.c.e.), Tuthmosis iii (r.1479–1425 b.c.e.), and Ptolemy xii Auletes (r. 88–fifty eight, 55–fifty one b.c.e.). This structure additionally had a “Dendereh zodiac” relief and a sanitarium where Egyptians have been reportedly cured of sickness thru Hathor’s intercessions.

the temple complex dates to the sixth dynasty (2323–2150 b.c.e.), attributed to “the followers of Horus” of that point. the existing shape dates to the Ptolemaic period (304–30 b.c.e.). the chapel of Osiris and the temple reliefs of Cleopatra vii (r. 51–30 b.c.e.) and Ptolemy xv caesarion (r. forty four–30 b.c.e.) attest to the Ptolemaic affects. 3 delivery homes, referred to as a mammisi, and a temple of isis whole the non secular complex. the necropolis of Dendereh covered tombs from the early dynastic duration (2920–2575 b.c.e.) as well as a number of mastabas belonging to neighborhood nomarchs. on the western aspect of the cemetery there are brick-vaulted catacombs in which birds, cows, and dogs have been entombed in mummified form. a small chapel from montuhotep ii (r. 2161–2010 b.c.e.) was also found in Dendereh and now is in the Egyptian museum in Cairo. the building commemorated the royal cult and had inscriptions from Merenptah (r. 1224–1214 b.c.e.) of the 19 dynasty. a temple honoring the birth of Isis changed into adorned via emperor Augustus, and another shrine, dedicated to Horus of Edfu, became erected inside the location. sizeable building persisted in Dendereh at some point of ancient historical eras.