King Bakare (2550-2548)

King Bakare was the fourth ruler of the Nubian Twenty-fifth Dynasty He  ruled  from  664  B.C.E. to   657  B.C.E. He  then secluded from Egypt and perchance dominated for a clock in Nubia, modern Sudan. Tanutamun was a nephew of Taharqa, who  had  suffered  overcome  at  the  hands  of  the  Assyrians. When  Assurbanipal assaulted  Egypt  and  empty  Thebes, Tanutamun  withdrawn  to  Nubia.  He  had  won back  Thebes, Aswan, and Memphis preexisting to Assurbanipals encroachment. In that campaign he put Necho I to dying in 664 B.C.E. and forced Psammetichus I to flee to Assyria.

A  stela  inscribed  in  Gebel Barkal depicts  Tanutamuns  coronation  at  Napata  in  664  B.C.E. Called  the Dream  Stela,  this  monument  besides  details  King Tanutamuns dream of two snakes. He believed this vision typified that he would rule both Upper and Lower Egypt. Tanutamun was forgot at Nuri, the royal necropolis in Nubia.

The Sphinx (Khafre Monument)

The Sphinx

The great notable structure on the Giza plateau is the Sphinx  the great half lion, half man statue that is situated to the east of the pyramid connected with Khafre. 

Its head faces due eastern and it is the largest monolith statue in the world. It is 73 ms long, 19 metres  wide, and  20 metres high. A long  causeway continues between the Valley  Temple which is SE of the Sphinx to a temple directly in front of the pyramid connected  with Khafre. In look of the Sphinx itself to its east is the Sphinx Temple.

The Funerary Temple of Khafre at Giza

Funerary Temple of Khafre at Giza

The funerary Temple of Khafre at Giza is best saved example of Old Kingdom layout. Huge stops make up the tample, about 13 metre long. Flanking the temple are boat pits, but no boats. Nearly 400 thousand causeway to the valley temple which broken in 1852. The limestone presented with Re Aswan granite.

Pyramid of Khafre at Giza

Pyramid of Khafre at Giza

Egypt is home to as many as 100 pyramids and the outstanding and famous of them all are the Pyramids of Giza. It is hard to imagine the close proximity of these historic social structures to the city of Cairo. After awakened up this morning to the constant hum of activity created by a city of or so 20 million people, we prepared ourselves for a day of cultural and historical risk. We drove 30 minutes South East and rapidly went far at the historic place that was nestled in the heavy city suburb of Giza. The size and the reach of the legendary stone mausoleums, which were constructed for the Kings and Queens of Egypt, were impressive. To me, the Nearly worrying of all the pyramids were the Pyramids of Giza, which comprise of the Great Pyramid of Cheops, the Pyramid of Khafre, and the Pyramid of Menkaure. These ancient social organisations are the last continuing of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World.

Inside the Pyramid of Khafre

The Pyramid of Khafre was built for King Khafre of the 4th Dynasty, who was one of the replacements of Khufu. As I glanced up from the bad of the pyramid at the top it felt as though I was looking at the jagged flowers of the Canadian Rocky Mountain Range. In this representative, however, it was men who used basic tools to build this mountain of cut gem in an otherwise bare landscape. 

Artifacts from the time of Khafre

Statue of Khafre with Horus

Statue of Khafre with Horus

This huge statue in Diorite, observed in the Valley Temple of Khefren's funerary complex at Giza, is one of the umpteen example of the high craft of the Old Kingdom. It represents Khefre, seated on an elaborate throne. There is only slight wrong to some places on the left-hand side of the statue. Eventhough the throne was made out of one bloc of great diorite, its legs are etched to resemble the manuses of lions, whose points grace the front of the seat.

The side impanels of the throne stock the sema-tawi symbol: the narrative plants of Upper and Lower Egypt are tied together in a knot around the hieroglyph corresponding the notion "unity". The sema-tawi symbol so comprises the one between Upper and Lower Egypt and would be held on thrones of kings passim the Ancient Egyptian history. Contrary to many other histrionics of thrones in Ancient Egypt, this throne appears to have a back, which, unluckily, is somewhat hurt. Seated regally on his throne, Khefren jades the nemes headdress adorned with a (weakened) ureaus. His eyes are narrow, the nose gross and the speak full. His round face gives forth power and confidence.


Other Artifacts of Khafre time:

Khafre's Sitting Statue

Alabaster Head of Granite Head

Granite Head of Granite Head

Limestone Head

King Khafre (Chephren) (2520-2494)

Statue of Khafre

King Khafre (Chephren) The fourth swayer of the Fourth Dynasty He predominated from 2520 B.C.E. until his death. Khafre was the  builder  of  the  second  pyramid  at  Giza and  was  the son of King Khufu (Cheops) (r. 2551-2528 B.C.E.) and likely  Queen  Henutsen. He  married  Queens  Khamerernebty (1) and  Merysankh (3) and  raised  Prince Menkaure (Mycerinus), Prince Nekur, Princess KhamerernebtyY (2), and others. Another son, Baefr, is leaned in some  records  as  having  delivered the goods  him  briefly,  but Menkaur is ordinarily identified as the actual heir.

When Pharaoh Radjedef, died  in  2520 B.C.E., Khafre  put  away  his  sons:  Setka,  Baka,  and Ahanet.  Khafre  did  not  full Radjedef's pyramid either,  leaving  it  incomplete  at  Abu Rowash. His  own pyramid in Giza was 702 feet square and originally 470 feet high. Sheathed in Tureh limestone, the construction was completed by morgue and valley temples. A causeway, 430 feet in length, related the complex structures and was carved out of the rock. In the inhumation chamber a red granite  Sarcophagus looked  the  mummified  remains, and  5  boat  matches  were  learned  in  the  complex,  without boats.

Cartouche of Khafre

Khafre's  accession  to  the  throne  certified  the revived dominance of the older faction of Khufus shared family.  Khafres  pyramid  at  Giza  fixed  the  plateau  as the  royal  burial ground,  and  the  Great  Sphinx, having  his facial  likeness,  supplied  Giza  with  new  insignia  of pharaonic  power.  Khafre's successor  and  replacement  was Menkaur (Mycerinus), his son by Queen Khamerernebty (1). Queen Merysankh (3) held him Prince Nebemakht, Queen Nedjhekenu endured Prince Sekhemkar, and Queen Persenti bore Nekaure, who became famous because of his will. Khafres reign crossed over a draw of a century, and he was favorite with his people.

Pyramid of Djedefre at Abu Roash

Pyramid of Djedefre at Abu Roash

Sone of Khufu lonely Giza and started to Abu Rowash, perchance due to a family falling-out. Anticipated Djedefres Starry Sky Second northwest pyramid in Egypt. Looked Into briefly by Perring and afterwards by Petrie in 1880s.  Systematically investigated in the beginning ot he 20th century. Latest by French-Swiss team in 1995. Popular target for early stone cops  at the rank of 300 camel scores a day in the end of the 19th century. May not have been full.

Nothing of valley temple, but Little some the causeway  very bad 1700 m to have reahed the pyrajmid from the valley. It ran north-south in a menstruation when they are suppoed to run east-west. Outer margin wall 2  m thick. There is a space at the nother end where a mortuary tabernacle should be. Passim the 3rd dynasty, the mortuary temple was on th enorth slope, but with the 4th dynasty, became related to the east side. Inner perimeter wall about 6 m from the north pyramid base, where a mudbrick social organisation may be the mortuary temple. A white corridor is believed to have lead from the ne entrance of the innter enclosre to the mouth of the causeway.

A depression in the east wall of the pyramid core, credibly for a void door and altar. Possibly the oldest sphinx, on with statues of three of his sones and two daugheter were discovered. Used part of a rock outcropping to start, with the rmainder of the essence made of localized limstone. Almost 15 horiztonal layers of the limestone core stay, but very microscopic pink granite casing. Very cutting slope, maybe designed as a step pyramid? Latest excavations show that the casing blocks were in all probability laid with an future sloope and the pyramid was closer to a perpendicular slope of 52. This method was besides used in the Step and Bent pyramids. 106.2 meters service line, bewteen 57-67 m tall. Much small than any at Giza.

Used an open pit method of building for alone chambgers, a throwback to smaller times. In the northwestern wall a impinge contains the stiff of a sdescending corridor. East side within the enclosure wall is a trench that might be a boat pit, although no boar was discovered. Instead, fragmentizes of 120 statues, taking three generally complete heads. It comes out that the statues were intentionally finished, possibly by Khafre, his half-brother and heir (who mau have murdered Djedefre) Newer theories have the destruction occuring in the New kingdom by copts and roman and christlike locals. No tombs have been found within the complex. A strucure near the southeastern corner may be a alternate tomb for one of his matches. others remember that this is a cult pyramid. Workshops and housing were discovered against the ne wall.

The Mortuary Complex of King Djedefre

The Near serious monument in this mountainous region, nevertheless, is the mortuary complex of Djedefre, successor of Kheops and third pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty. There has been a lot of conjecture about Djedefre's motivating to build his funerary repository at Abu Rawash and not next to his father's at Giza. A very common thought is that Djedefre took this far place to distance himself from the despotic reign of his father, whereas his brother Khefren, returned to Giza because he made the same views as Kheops. The fact that Djedefre improved his pyramid outside from his father's would thus be advisory of several dynastic fueds in the introductory of the 4th Dynasty. The fact that Mykerinos, son of Khefren, undertook some restoration work at Djedefre's funerary memorial does not gone well with the romantic theory of dynastic fueds. It must be mentioned that during the early 4th Dynasty, there comes along to have been a run towards the Northern for the royal funerary complex. King Sneferu  went from Meidum, where he at least completed or perhaps straight built a pyramid, to Dashur where he built two pyramids. His son, Kheops, moved even further North, to Giza and Djedefre fulfilled this run by building his pyramd in Abu Rawash. The motivating bottom this move North is not clear, but it is still interesting to line.

Recently, it has been suggested that Djedefre run to Abu Rawash because it was located opposite Heliopolis, the city of the solar cult. During the reign of Djedefre, the solar cult made a lot in importance, as is shown by the addition of the title Son of Re to the royal titulary. This could at least explicate Djedefre's choice of location, but it does not explain why Kheops affected to Giza. The social organisation of Djedefre's funerary monument is fairly simple, but it already has all the ingredients that are typical for the Old Kingdom. The complex has an secret enclosure wall that developed to a height of about 6 ms. The royal pyramid supported almost in the centre of the complex. The pyramids of Djedefre's predecessors Sneferu and Kheops had the burying chamber inside the pyramid above ground true. For unknown reasons, Djedefre prefered to have his sepulture chamber, developed at the bottom of a collossal pit measuring 23 by 10 metres and defeated some 20 ms into the ground. The inhumation chamber itself conscious 21 by 9 meters. This technique was besides used for the building of the inhumation chamber of Netjerikhet at Sakkara. A 49 metre long corridor slopes up to ground level, providning the entering to the pyramid. As was already traditional, this charm was settled in the North, pointing to the gross stars. There was a smaller satellite pyramid built to the Southwest of the important pyramid, whereas the mortuary temple, taking on a small boat pit, stood to the eastward. It was broken with mudbrick, evoking that work on the mortuary temple was full hastily. Djedefre's reign is likely to have been short and the king may have died by chance. Khefren, his successor, may have said to complete working on this complex as smooth as achievable so that work on his own funerary memorial could start without check.

King Djedefre (2528-2520)

Granite head of King Djedefre

King Djedefre was the third Pharaoh of the 4th Dynasty and ruled the country from 2528 BC to  2520 BC. He was the son of King Khufu from one of his microscopic wives, and killed his own brother, Prince Kewab, who was the true successor to the throne. He married Hetepheres , who was the widow woman of his murdered brother. His chief wife was Kentetenka. His pyramid was learned at Abu Rowash in Giza. Kheops was followed by Djedefre, his oldest surviving son. The mother of Djedefre is unknown. He married his (half-) sister Hetepheres II, which whitethorn have been to legitimise his needs to the

Cartouche of King Djedefre

throne if his mother was one of Kheops lesser wives. He too had another wive, Khentet-en-ka with whom he had (at least) three boys, Setka, Baka and Hernet and one daughter, Neferhetepes. The Turin King-list credits him with a prevail of 8 years, but the sharpest known year registered to during this reign was the year of the 11th oxen count. This would mean that Djedefre ruled for at least 11 years, if the cattle counts were anual, or 21 years if the cattle counts were biennal.

He was the first king to use the title "Son of Re" as part of his titular which is seen as an meter reading of the raising popularity of the cult of the solar god Re. He continued the move north by building his incomplete pyramid at Abu Rawash, some 8 km to the North of Giza. It is the northern Most part of the Memphite cemetery. Djedefre was the third king of the 4th Dynasty and governed the country from 2528 BC to  2520 BC. He was the son of Khufu from one of his Small wives, and killed his own brother, Prince Kewab, who was the rightful heir to the throne. He married Hetepheres , who was the widow of his late brother. His chief wife was Kentetenka. His pyramid was discovered at Abu Rowash in Giza. Khufu was succeeded by his latest son Djedefre. He married his half sister Hetepheres II, in all probability to get a claim to the throne since his mother was one of his father's secondary wives whose name is not known.

Beside his half sister Djedefre besides had different wives, and with one of them, Khentet-en-ka, he had leastways 3 sons, Setka, Baka and Hernet and one daughter girl, Neferhetepes. The Turin King-list credits him with a rule of 8 years which is in line with the appraisals made by the Egyptologists today.  He was the first Pharaoh to role the title "Son of Re" among his others, which is seen as an indication of the growing popularity of the cult of the solar god Re from Heliopolis. This god had passed in a king's figure already in the second dynasty (Nebre/Reneb). He moved north to build his pyramid, to Abu Rawash, some 8 km to the north of Giza, and the grounds can be that there was no particular area forgot at the site. He named it "The pyramid is a Sehedu-star". The tomb was unfinished when he died and today its groundwork is dug out to get excess for visitors.

The pyramid area was closed by a wall and at the NW corner a smaller satellite pyramid was developed, likely for the king's first queen. The work stopped when nearly 20 courses were in set, and some casing of granite is still on the spot. What sort of pyramid it was supposed to be is not clear and the constructed angle obtained by positioning case blocks i place says that it was far steeper than the pyramids at Giza. One theory is that he had a step pyramid in brain, or a mastaba. Estimations of the height so varies from 57 to 67 metres calculated by help from the base side that is identified by its length - 106 m.  A causeway taking down to the Nile, a plastic of 1.700 meters, is going in the direction northwest by the memorial due to the topography. It's still total in some sections and partly he,wn out straightaway from the rock and coming 10-12 metres above the surround. His mortuary temple lay at the south side of the pyramid and was a social system of brick possibly lonely when the king died, and not implied as a shrine from the appears of it. At the side was a pit for a funeral boat but like his father had at Giza. The wonder why he moved from Giza has been debated and one theory is that he came smaller to Heliopolis on the other side of the River Nile. A feud within the family about the successiveness has besides been put forward, but this has not been shown in any way. Looking at his face (if it's a portrait) he has alike smells as his kid brother who grown the next pharaoh.

Pharaoh Kawab

Pharaoh Kawab is the figure of an ancient Egyptian prince of the Fourth Dynasty. He was the first son of King Khufu and Queen Meritites I. Kawab served as vizier and was buried in the double mastaba G 7110 - 7120 in the east field which is part of the Giza Necropolis.

He was the original son of Pharaoh Khufu and Meritites I and half brothers of pharaohs Djedefre and Khafre. He was maybe born during the reign of his grandfather Sneferu. Kawab married his baby Hetepheres II. They had at least three sons named Duaenhor, Kaemsekhem and Mindjedef and a daughter Meresankh III.[1]

Kawab died during the dominate of his father[2] so the next ruler was Djedefre, who married his widow Hetepheres II. It practiced to be believed that Djedefre had Kawab murdered, since Djedefre was swallowed in Abu Rawash, instead of Giza, which was the custom. Djedefre's pyramid was too vandalized, but it is now thought that the tomb was vandalised much advanced, that is, through the Roman times.

Solar Boat of Khufu

The Solar Ship of Khufu

Five boats opposes are known from Khufu pyramid complex. In 1954, two of these were broken  by Kamal  El-Mallakh  to  the  south  of  the  pyramid,  oriented  east-west  and parallel  to  its  south  face.  A  full-size,  dismantled  wooden  boat  was  found  in  the southeastern pit. The boat, over 43m long and with five oars on every side, is now restored and showed in a museum in the same location. Waseda University is now taken in a project to reexamine and maintain a second boat discovered in the southwestern pit in 1987.

The other three boat pits are situated to the east of the pyramid, cut in the fundamentals of the plateau. Two lie to the north and southeastern of the mortuary temple, and the third one is paradiusallel to the causeway, several meters in front of the entrance to the mortuary temple. Some  scholars  believe  the 2 boats  on  the  south  side  of  the  pyramid  were  employed  as funerary boats. A bright stain found on the gangplank of the reassembled boat and on the leash from the pit might show that the boat was in reality used on the Nile. These marks, yet, may be the result of humidity in the boat pit, sooner than water. The five boat burials may have been strictly symbolic, associated with the crazes of the king as Horus and as the son of Re, and perhaps with the cult of Hathor, who was one of the triad of deities worshipped at Giza.

The Queens Pyramids at Giza

The Queens Pyramids next to Khufu pyramid

Just south of the Great Pyramid, Hermann Junker observed a rock-cut passage, which he meant was planned as a queens pyramid, but was broken when the three queens pyramids were built to the east. During social organisation of Khufu pyramid the domain to the south was plausibly free of structures because it was covered by the add ramp, which huge farther south to the target. Another subsidiary pyramid, with a base of 20 metre square, was found south of the pyramid, but very Microscopic stays of it.