Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator (d. 144 bc)

Hieroglyphic Name:
Hieroglyphic name of Ptolemy VII
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator, (d. 144 bc), younger son and co-ruler with Ptolemy VI Philometor, king of Egypt, whom he followed in 145 bc. Fixed a minor, he was the ward of his mother, who also attended as his co-ruler. He was soon gone by his uncle, Ptolemy VIII, who executed him the following year.

Classical and even contemporary Egyptian germs are confused concerning the placement of Neos Philopator in the royal episode because leastwise one other son of Philometor, likewise named Ptolemy, helped as co-ruler earlier in the rule. Modern scholars have gathered demonstrate to present that Neos Philopator gone co-ruler in 147 bc. Coming his fathers death, he ruled from about July to late August 145, with the support of Cleopatra II. His fathers army, however, had been spread in Syria; and Neos Philopator and his mother delighted only limited support. After the foe factions bid the young kings uncle, Ptolemy VIII, to accept the kingship, Neos Philopator was deponed. He was executed the observing year, after his uncle married his mother.



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Ptolemy VI Philometor (180-164, 163-145)

Hieroglyphic Name:
Hieroglyphic name of Ptolemy VI
Ptolemy VI Philometor
Ptolemy VI Philometor, (in Greek: Loving His Mother) (180-145 bc), Macedonian king of Egypt under whom an set about invasion of Coele Syria ensued in the occupation of Egypt by the Seleucids. Afterward Roman interference and several guesses of joint rule with his brother, however, Ptolemy was fit to reunify his realm.

The son of Ptolemy V Epiphanes and Cleopatra I, Ptolemy VI dominated as co-regent with his mother, who, although a daughter of a Seleucid king, did not direct faces in Syria and remained friendly with Rome. Mother and son governed effectively until her death in 176, when Ptolemy fell under the determine of two serious courtiers. About 173 Ptolemy was married to his sister, Cleopatra II. Under his advisors guidance, trainings were made to invade Coele Syria. In 170 Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, his brother, was associated on the throne with Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II, and Coele Syria was invaded, but the Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV decisively attempted the Egyptians and seized Pelusium, the Egyptian frontier city. Antiochus overrun Egypt in 170 and again in 168, but withdrew under force from the Ptolemies ally, Rome. About October 164 Philometor was discharged from Alexandria by his brother and fled to Rome for support. The Romans thereupon partitioned the Ptolemaic realm, order Euergetes into Cyrenaica and rendering Philometor Cyprus and Egypt.

Euergetes, not complacent with Cyrenaica alone, journeyed to Rome twice to ask for Cyprus also. The Senate finally determined to grant the brothers invite; Philometor, however, simple the Romans by clever diplomacy and in 154 attempted his brother, who set about to seize Cyprus by drive. Nevertheless Philometor restored his brother to Cyrenaica, married a daughter to him, and given him a grain subsidy. In Rome, meanwhile, the Roman statesman Cato the Elder, deploring the continuous intrigues, praised Ptolemy VI as a good and beneficent ruler. At last Philometors kingdom became relatively secure.

In 155, however, the Seleucid ruler of Syria had incurred Ptolemys antagonism by conspiring to seize Cyprus. When a sham, Alexander Balas, appeared, Philometor raced to aid him in 153, and afterwards even gave him a daughter in marriage. About 148, however, the Egyptian king found himself in Syria again when another fraud come along. When Alexander Balas failed in his attempt to have Philometor dead, the Egyptian ruler lent his daughter, Balas wife, on the new fake. Although Ptolemy dependent him, the people of Antioch and the Syrian army asked the Egyptian monarch himself to become their ruler. Ptolemy rejected, but he was soon drawn into a battle in which Alexander Balas was defeated and slain. During the battle Ptolemy fell from his horse and broken his skull, dying a few days later.



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Ptolemy V Epiphanes (205-180)

Hieroglyphic Name:
Hieroglyphic name of Ptolemy V
Ptolemy V
Ptolemy V concerned the throne at the age of five, as the issue of a dynastic fascinate. During his reign the serious native revolts that had broke at Thebes in the time of his precursors, and resulted in the organization of a line of native pharaohs seeing the Theban area, continued. These were broken in 186 BC and Ptolemy V found control of the south, but similar uprisings occurred later in the next century, in 88-86 BC.

In foreign affairs, Egypt gone most of her ownerships in Asia Minor, Palestine and the Aegean, and managed to retain only Cyprus and Cyrene. Ptolemy V took a foreign wife the daughter of the Seleucid king Antiochus III and she became Queen Cleopatra I.

Building projects at home admitted a chapel for the deified Imhotep on the sacred island of Philae. A Decree (issued on March 27, 196 BC) commemorates the religious ceremonies that occurred at the kings investiture at Memphis, but this has become noted not so much for its substance as for the share that it made to the decoding of Egyptian hieroglyphs. Famous today as the Rosetta Stone (since it was described at Rosetta in 1798), the Decree was written in hieroglyphs, Demotic and Greek; this triple version enabled scholars, who loved Greek, to begin deciphering the related Egyptian scripts.



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Ptolemy IV Philopator (221-205)

Hieroglyphic Name:
Hieroglyphic name of Ptolemy IV
Ptolemy IV Philopator
Ptolemy IV Philopator was the son of Ptolemy III, Ptolemy IV taken the name of Philopator which implies father-loving; corresponding to the custom of this dynasty, he married his sister, Arsinoe III.

He defeated Antiochus III of Syria at the battle of Raphia in 217 BC, after Antiochus had unsafe Egypt's frontier, but this winner may have given to the troubles that he had to face at home. A large contingent of clean Egyptians had agitated well at Raphia, and this victory may have advanced them to got enclosed with nationalistic riots in the region of Thebes. These set about in 207-206 BC, and their aim was to re-establish clear rule in Egypt; to some extent this was reached when, for nineteen years, a line of Egyptian pharaohs assumed some hold which enabled them to rule the Theban territory.

Under Ptolemy IV, problems began which were related with the administration and administration of the country and in following reigns, these troubles would become even more critical.



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Ptolemy III Euergetes (246--221)

Hieroglyphic Name:
Hieroglyphic name of Ptolemy III
Ptolemy III
Ptolemy III was the Third ruler of the Ptolemaic Period. He reigned  from  246  B.C.E. until  his  death  and  was  the son of Ptolemy II Philadelphus and Queen Arsinoe (2). Berenice (3), the daughter of Magas, the king of Cyrene, was  his  check.  His  sister,  Berenice (2),  was  executed  in Syria,  and  Ptolemy  III  invaded  that  land  to  avenge  the murder.  The  Egyptian  navy  raised  against  Seleucus III's  forces  in  Thrace,  across  the  Hellespont,  charming lands in Asia Minor. Ptolemy III took an army to Seleucia on the Tigris River but had to issue to Egypt because of a low Nile inundation and famine. He faced an alignment of Seleucid Syria, Macedonia, and Rhodes but was united by the Achaean League. A repose was prepared in 242/241 B.C.E.

In  Egypt,  Ptolemy III occupied  the  Faiyum and reformed  the  calendar with  the  canopus decree. He taken the title Euergetes, meaning the Benefactor, as a issue  of  these  efforts.  His  efforts  in  Syria  took more or less  five  years,  and  Berenice  stood  as  regent during  his  absence  with  succeeder.  During  the  leftover years of his reign, Ptolemy III established Minshaa, good Sohag in Upper Egypt, as a sister city to Alexandria. Two extending  tables,  a  limestone  wall,  and  a  pillar  capital  were seen  there.  The  site  helped  as  a  switching  center  with Nubia and the Red Sea.

He also constructed a temple in Edfu, reconstructing treasures slipped by the Persians centuries before. Ptolemy III established at the serapeum, contributing another library to accommodate an runoff of books, and taking up more volumes  to  have  them  re-create.  In Reality,  the  particular manuscripts  of  Aeschylus,  Sophocles,  and  Euripedes come  in  Alexandria  on  lend  from  Athens.  Ptolemy  III made copies and sent them back to Athens, observing the originals.  He  forfeited  an  amount  of  silver,  given  in surety,  as  a  issue.  During  his  reign,  Ptolemy  III  and Queen  Berenice  were  deified  as  Charitable Gods by Egypt.  The  priests  at  Canopus  declared  their  status  in 238 B.C.E.



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Ptolemaic Period (304-30 B.C.E.)

In 323 B.C., when Alexander III, the Macedonian conqueror of the Persian Empire (which included Egypt), died, a coalition of his generals took over rule of the vast area under his control. Ptolemy I Soter was one of these generals and by 305 B.C. was in complete control of Egypt. Declaring himself king, Ptolemy I established what historians sometimes call the Ptolemaic dynasty, a series of kings named Ptolemy who ruled Egypt from 305 B.C. to 30 B.C. The time when these kings ruled is often referred to as the Ptolemaic Period, or as the beginning of what is known to historians as the Greco-Roman Period (because it was an era of Greek and Roman influence).


List of Ptolemaic Kings and Queens:

Ptolemy II Philadelphus (285-246)

Hieroglyphic Name:
Hieroglyphic name of Ptolemy II
Ptolemy II Philadelphus
Ptolemy II  Philadelphus (d.  246  B.C.E.) was the Second swayer of the Ptolemaic Period. He reigned from 285 B.C.E. until his end and was the son of Ptolemy I Soter and Queen Berenice (1). Ptolemy II married Arsinoe (1), the daughter of Lysimachus of Thrace, but exiled her to Koptos when his sister, different Arsinoe (2), passed  to Egypt from Thrace. When he formally married his sister, he received the title Philadelphus, meaning Brother-Sister Loving. From 274  to  271  B.C.E., Ptolemy II had  to  defend Egypt from the Syrians, but he attained power and body politic from bonds with other Greek states. During his dominate, Alexanderia grown a leading center for the arts and sciences. Ptolemy II also assisted irrigation projects passim the land. He celebrated a festival each four years in respect of  Ptolemy  I  Soter,  whom  he  deified,  and  dead  his  great  construction  projects,  including  the  Library of  Alexandria  and  the  Light  House of Alexanderia . He brought theaters, gardens, zoological presentations, and gymnasiums to distinct sites as well.

Ptolemy II was called the best paymaster, a freeman could have by the Greek poet Theocrites. He even empowered an dispatch south into Africas heartland to bring back  elephants  and  different  animals,  as  well  as incense. He then sent a delegation to Rome and brought 70 Jewish students to Alexandria from Jerusalem to transcribe  the  Pentateuch  accurately.  A  banquet  reportedly lasted for 7 nights upon the arrival of these students. Ptolemy  II  was  depicted  in  Philae offering  incense and creams to the gods. He erected a gate in the Philae temple. A stela was also adorned at Tell el-Maskhuta to commemorate  his  journey  to  Persia  to  regenerate  religious masterpieces taken by past swayer of that nation. Ptolemy II also reconstructed a canal joining the Nile to the Gulf of Suez, a waterway revived centuries afterward by Emperor Trajan. His  children  were  Ptolemy III Euergetes, Lysimachus, and  Berenice,  who  marital  Antiochus  of  Syria  in  252. Ptolemy III Euergetes followed him.


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Ptolemy I Soter (304-284)

Hieroglyphic Name: 
Hieroglyphic name of Ptolemy I
Ptolemy I Soter
Ptolemy (360-284 B.C.) was son of the Macedonian nobleman Lagus and one of the only circle of Alexander's commandants and advisors. He fought with preeminence in India and wrote a history of Alexander's campaigns which was an serious source for Arrian's Anabasis. After Alexander's death he was appointed governor of Egypt and discovered to maintain his in-dependency of the central agency of Perdiccas. One of his first actions to this end was to divert to Egypt the cortege taking the body of Alexander, which the army had intended to be buried in Macedonia. Ptolemy justified his acquisition of this precious relic, which was first interred with great magnificence at Memphis and afterwards at Alexandria, on the grounds that Alexander had bid to be buried at the oracle of Amun. In 322 he allied himself with Antipater against Perdiccas and the treaty was heavy by his marriage to Antipater's daughter Eurydice. In 316 he connected rams with Cassander, Seleucus, and Lysimachus to resist Antigonus' ambition to reconstitute the whole of the Macedonia empire under his rule. But in 306 Ptolemy's fleet was almost gone at the battle of Salamis in Cyprus, by Antigonus' son Demetrius. Yet Antigonus' and Demetrius' subsequent endeavour to invade Egypt was defeated by bad conditions. Ptolemy took no part in the battle of Ipsus, and thus taken little in the later division of the spoils, but he placed dynastic bonds by marrying his daughters, Arsinoe to Lysimachus and Lysandra to Cassander's son Alexander, and his step-daughter Antigone to Pyrrhus of Epirus. More prosperous as a statesman than as a soldier, he left behind him a kingdom which was to prove the most running of the Macedonian monarchies after Alexander the Great. He founded the library of Alexandria and was one of the a few Macedonian generals of his generation to patronize literature and arts. Ptolemy I is the break of the Macedonian Ptolemic dynasty which ruled Egypt for over 3 centuries, until the death of the last related Cleopatra in 30 B.C.


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Tomb WV23

stone block shows Ay receiving the Gold of Honor'
Tomb WV23 based at the end of the Western Valley of the Kings about modern-day Luxor, was the final resting place of Pharaoh Ay of the 18th Dynasty.

It was broken by Giovanni Battista Belzoni in the winter of 1816, its social system is alike to that of the tomb of Akhenaten, with a direct undecorated, down corridor, taking to a "well chamber" that has no shaft. This leads to the burying chamber, which currently contains the rebuilded sarcophagus. It had earlier been found smashed into some fragments. The tomb had also been violated in history with many depicting of Ay's image or name erased from the tomb wall pictures.

Its medallion is similar in substance and color to that of Tutankhamun (KV62), with a few differences. On the eastern wall there is a portraying of a fishing and fowling scene, which is not shown elsewhere in other Royal tombs, being normally presented in burials of aristocracy. The tomb is also well noted for its views of a hippopotamus hunt.



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King Ay (1325-1321)

Hieroglyphic name: 

Horus name of ay
Nebti name of ay
Head statue of King Ay
Name: Ay, Itinetjer-Aja, Kheperkheperure-Irimaat, Heqasekhepertawy and Horus name (Kanakht Tekhenkhau).

King Ay  prevailed  from  1323  B.C.E. until  his  death.  Ay rose  the  toilet  upon  the  death  of  Tutankhamun and  apparently  married  Ankhesenamon, the  boy  kings widow. She  does  not  look  after  the  initial  ecological succession of Aya, however. The queen who is presented in all lasting texts is Tey, a cheaper who had didst as a nurse to Nefertiti and had married Aya before his entree to the throne.

Aya, besides a worse, had been the Master of the Horse and Fan Bearer and then vizier and prime minister for Akhenaten (1353-1335 B.C.E.) at Amarna, but he came  the  shape  of  regrouping  the  government  and the  aggrandizement  of  the  god Amun during  his  brief reign. His portrayals depict a man with a close, bony face and a long, light nose. Aya put up Karnak colonnade and  a  rock-cut  enshrine  at  Akhmin. He  established  a  mortuary temple  at Medinet Habu in  western  Thebes  but  did  not allow himself with a tomb there. In the Valley of the Kings a tomb was mounted for him and for Tey, but his rests  have  never  been  found.  His  tomb  is  long  and right in design, with 4 corridors. An certain passage leads to a burial chamber, which was decorated with the  text  of  the  AM Duat. Ayas burial  site  included  a  red granite sarcophagus. He also had an raw tomb in Amarna.  Aya  assigned  Nakhtmin (1), possibly  a  congeneric and a military commander, as his successor, but Horemhab put  him  aside  and  gone  the  last  pharaoh  of  the dynasty.



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