Johan David Akerblad (1763-1819)

Johan David Akerblad, 6 May 1763, Stockholm  7 February 1819, Rome, was a Swedish diplomatist and orientalist. In 1778 he started his studies of classical and oriental languages at the University of Uppsala. In 1782 he opposed his graduate dissertation in front Professor Eric Michael Fant. From 1783, he improved his language skills at the Swedish royal court of chancery in Constantinople.

From 1784 onwards he was a diplomat in Asia Minor, Syria, Palestine, Egypt and North Africa. From 1800 he taken research at the University of Göttingen, and at other places of learning in Paris, The Hague, and Rome. He centered on the study of ancient Egyptian. He also got together material for a lexicon of Coptic language.

While in Paris, he was a student of Silvestre de Sacy. Sacy's investigation of the Rosetta Stone resulted in him being able to showed five names, such as "Alexandros". This was reported by him in 1802. Åkerblad played his work, and his major part in this area was issued the same year in Paris

?kerblad managed to identify all unique names in the demotic text in just two months. He could too read words like "Greek", "temple" and "Egyptian" and got out the correct sound rate from 14 of the 29 signs, but he wrongly considered the demotic hieroglyphs to be entirely alphabetic. One of his strategies of comparisons the demotic to Coptic later gone a key in Champollion's eventual decipherment of the hieroglyphic script and the Ancient Egyptian language.

In 1810, Åkerblad sent to Sacy for publication his work entitled MEMOIRE: Sur les noms coptes de quelques villes et villages d'Egypte. Yet, unfortunately, its publishing was delayed, and it was not published until 1834. Some scholarly people saw such delay as motivated by political or personal circumstances.

Publications:

 Johan David Akerblad, Lettre sur l'inscription Egyptienne de Rosette: adresse au citoyen Silvestre de Sacy, Professeur de langue arabe  l'Ecole spciale des langues orientales vivantes, etc.; Rponse du citoyen Silvestre de Sacy. Paris: L'imprimerie de la Rpublique, 1802
Om det sittande Marmorlejonet i Venedig (18003)

1802: Inscriptionis phoenicie? Oxoniensis nova interpretatio

1804: Lettre sur une inscription phnicienne, trouve  Athenes

1804: Notice sur deux inscriptions en caractres runiques, trouves  Venise et sur les Varanges, avec les remarques de M. d'Ansse de Villoison

1811: Sopra due laminette di bronzo trovate ne' contorni di Atene. Dissertazione letta nell'accademia libera d'archeologia al campidoglio li 30. Giugno 1811 Digitalisat at Google Books

1813: Inscrizione greca sopra una lamina di piombo, trovata in un sepolcro nelle vicinanze d'Atene

1817: Lettre  M:r le cheval. Italinsky sur une inscription phnicienne

Johan David Akerblad, MEMOIRE: Sur les noms coptes de quelques villes et villages d'Egypte. Journal asiatique, 1834, vol. XIII p337

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Barbara Georgina Adams (1945-2002)

Hieroglyphic Signs: Figures of Animal
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Hieroglyphic Signs: Figures of Gods and Goddess  
Hieroglyphic Signs: Figures of Women ·   
Hieroglyphic Signs: Figures of Men

Barbara Georgina Adams (1945-2002)

In June of 2002, archaeology and especially Egyptian archaeology lost one of its stars in the early death of Barbara Georgina Adams who was born on February 19, 1945 in Hammersmith, west of London, to Elaine and Charles Bishop.  Barbara Adams had get a world known archaeologist, with many books to her credit and an expert on Predynastic Egypt, who worked for legion years at the most essential Predynastic site in Egypt, Hierakonpolis.  Yet her life history did not get in archaeology, but in the very different science of bugology with work as a scientific assistant in the British Museum of Natural History, where she trained in museum functions such as enrolment and marking of specimens.  She educated to analyze and mount good specimens using the microscope and became the under to the world expert in Symphyta, Mr. R.B. Benson.  In 1964 Barbara changed to the department of anthropology to assist Dr. K.P. Oakley.  Here she gained some knowledge of early instruments, Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic, and learned a basic knowledge of human skeletal anatomy which would be an advantage in her future work at very early graveyard sites in Egypt.

Although she accredited the Hollywood film Valley of the Kings with raising her worry in ancient Egypt, Barbaras exercise at the Petrie Museum, which began in 1965, really started her teaching about the Nile valley cultures.  There she cultivated with Professor Harry S. Smith who given the Edwards Chair in Egyptian Archaeology at University College London, the position first held by the identified Sir William Mathew Flinders Petrie.  Dr. Smith, a kind, beautiful as well as erudite valet, was credited by Barbara as her most serious wise man who gratified the fledgling to take escape in his own taken field of Egyptian archaeology.  She would see more by hands-on experience in museums and in the subject than in the classroom.  Barbaras first archaeological have was in England, nevertheless, when she cultivated with the University of Leeds excavations in Yorkshire on solitary medieval villages.  She helped Don Brothwell, who was the Assistant Keeper of Anthropology at the British Museum of Natural History, good with him on cemetery digs such as Winchester in 1965. The following year she engaged the University of Nottingham digging of a Romano-British site at Dragonby, Linconshire. At the Petrie Museum, Barbara shown objects, served inquiries, and did conservation work, notably pot reconstruction and bronze stabilization.  Mud-incrusted ivories from the Main Deposit at Hierakonpolis were her first link to the archaeological site that would be a leading part of her future work in Egypt.  She married Robert F. Adams on September 27 th , 1967, and attributable her husband with being quite collateral of her career and her independency. That same year Barbara took an Archaeological Field Techniques and Pursuing Course at the University of Cambridge. Her first trip to Egypt came in 1969: a standard tour.  In 1974 appeared her best book, Ancient Hierakonpolis,  about 450 miles south of Cairo and the only leading site of the Pre-dynastic period which is still continued as a unit. Her book is a catalog of objects in the Petrie Museum found by the early Twentieth Century excavators Quibell and Green in the alluvial town temple, where the main deposit disciplined some of the most essential early dynastic objects, such as the Narmer Palette and the Scorpion Macehead..  Her real achievement was the issue and explication of the original field notes of F.W. Green, which she published as Ancient Hierakonpolis Supplement the like year.  This began her career in the excavation of museum basements and archives end-to-end the United Kingdom, which would developed stunning results in the future.

By 1975, because of her large knowledge of the vast properties of the Petrie Museum, Mrs. Adams was promoted to Academic Staff of the Petrie Museum as Assistant Curator. She produced the first guide book to the collecting in 1977 (revised edition 1981) and supervised students learning conservation at Londons Institute of Archaeology.  In 1976 Adams visited senior museums in the United States, specifically to study targets from the early mining of Hierakonpolis by Quibell and Green (1898-1900).  In 1978 she linked the University of the Negev excavation at Tell esh-Sharia, Israel, a Late Bronze-Iron Age site.

1980 was the year she joined the American Research Center- supported team big by Michael A. Hoffman at Hierakonpolis, where she served in the digging of the Pre-dynastic cemetery of the elite universe, such as the princes in Locality 6, in 1980, 82, and 86, with study seasons devoted.to that work in 1988 and 1992. This has been seen as the senior landmark in her vocation as an archaeologist.   She worked there likewise at the site of the ancient township Nekhen with Walter Fairservis in 1981 and 84, having an important donation to the ceramic dating of Hoffmans stratigraphic sondage in Nekhens straight 10N5W.  When Hoffman died circumstantially and still quite young in 1990, the task of printing his work fell to Barbara.  As co-director of the dispatch with Renee Friedman from 1996, Barbara kept the work going at this essential site, resuming digs in the elite cemetery which, although affected as over-worked by earlier excavators, still yielded vital data, just as Barbara  had anticipated.  She discovered Egypts first funerary cloaks and the earliest life-sized statue in what was the deepest tomb (from 3600 B.C.).  Hierakonpolis doubtless has provided the most data on the origin of Egyptian culture thanks to such past work at both the Predynastic cemetery and villages and the Dynastic city site of Nekhen.  Meanwhile in England too, Adams rediscovered important ancient Egyptian objectives such as the lions of Coptos (found in the Wellcome Museum memory and released in 1984) and objects from Garstangs mining in the Fort cemetery at Hierakonpolis in the National Museums on Merseyside, Liverpool, in the Bolton Museum, and in  both the British Museum and the University Museum, Swansea.  Thus a break picture of the culture of Hierakonpolis was now fit to be rebuilt and studied.

The early 1980s saw Barbara much complicated in fund producing for a new Petrie Museum (over which she was now Curator). To prepare herself and the museum for modernisation, she attended seminars on the computerization of tapes and monitored a computer database for the collecting.  She was successful in obtaining a grant towards the cost of substitute of a whole archive collection, approximately 9000 cellulose nitrate negatives, and also for the conservation of wax encaustic Roman period mummy portrayals.

Public talking, museum seminars and exhibits organized by Adams were means to disseminate information about the on-going breakthroughs that were making light on the origin of the Egyptian civilization and the break of the city.  Two trips to the United States come this.  In 1987 she worked with Michael Hoffman and the stave of the Hierakonpolis expedition on a traveling exhibition The First Egyptians corporate ab initio in Columbia, South Carolina. Her books The Fort Cemetery at Hierakonpolis appeared in 1987 was the next year by Predynastic Egypt (in the Shire Egyptology series).  Back in England, Barbara union the Friends of the Petrie Museum to concur with the museums re-opening in June, 1988 and continued the museums guiding force in attendant years. Traveling expos of Predynastic and Early Dynastic physical from the Petrie collection were sent to France (Marseilles) and she cooperated with the choice of ancientnesses for a large number of museum expositions during the 1980s and 1990s around the world.

Following  Michael Hoffmanns untimely death due to cancer in 1991, Barbara Adams collaborated with fellow-expedition penis Renee Friedman on a memorial volume for Hoffmann, traveling to Oakland California where Friedman was then based. Later Adams would write that she was most pleased of this volume: The Followers of Horus. The pursuing year, 1992, took her to Tenerife in the Canary Islands as a seeing expert on Egyptian pottery in their Archaeological Museum. In 1994, 95, and 96 Adams was awarded the Gertrude Caton-Thompson (q.v.) Egyptology Department allows by University College London towards comparative research in the Brussels Museum.  In particular she had guaranteed to study inflamed greywacke vase fragmentise from the Umm el Qaab graveyard at Abydos, a exercise that she was able to good and which will be published posthumously.  In 1996 she travel to Melbourne, Australia to advise on the Predynastic and Dynastic Egyptian collecting in the National Gallery of Victoria.  By the fall of 1997, Barbara Adams taken the Directorship of resumed digs in the locality of the elite memorial park at Hierakonpolis.

Her editorship of the Shire Egyptology Series, small books given to a single topic and written by experts, now counting  over 25, have offered up-to-date information on a form of matters of interest to masters and non-professionals,  running from Mummies (her own, 1984 and 92) to Materials, to Pottery, to Warfare and Weapons. The world of Egyptology and archaeology must mourn the new red of such a winning woman scholar: museum conservator, educator, and digger.  Particularly important about her effective career and her writing of ten scholarly monographs is Barbara Adams lack of ball education in her field.  She named her early experience at the Natural History Museum her true alma mater and due Harry Smith for promoting her to dare to follow her dreams, citing jobs with other male university profs who apparently frustrated to hold her back due, probably, to her lack of formal classroom study. Adams achievement was undoubtedly due to brilliance and determination and to the persistence she inspired on younger people to which she added: work hard, but on no account back stab to gain advance.

Publications:

Ancient Hierakonpolis and Supplement  Warminster, 1974.

With Angela P. Thomas, translation and adaptation of Guide Poche Marcus:
Egypt.  Paris and Cairo, 1976.

et. al.  Guide to the Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, 1977, revised 1981,
1988, 1990, 1994.

Egyptian Objects in the Victoria and Albert Museum  Warminster. 1978.

With Richard Jaeschke, The Koptos Lions,  Milwaukee, 1984.

Sculptured Pottery from Koptos, Warminster, 1986.

Predynastic Egypt, Aylesbury, 1988.

Egyptian Musssies, Aylesbury, 1988.Egyptian Mummies, revised reprint, Aylesbury, 1992.

Editor with Renee Friedman, The Followers of Horus: Studies Dedicated to
Michael Allen Hoffman 1944-1990, Egyptian Studies Association publication 2,
Oxford, 1992.

Ancient Nekhen: Garstang in the City of Hierakonpolis, Egypt Studies
Association Publication, No.3, 1995.

With Krzysztof Cialowicz,  Protodynastic Egypt,  Aylesbury, 1998.

Birds and the Pharaohs,  Birds of the World, Part 5, Vol. 4, 1969, 1134-1138.

Petries Manuscript: Notes on the Foundation Deposits of Tuthmosis III,
Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, 61 (1975)m 102-111.

With R.H. Brill and I. L. Barnes, Lead Isotopes in some ancient Egyptian
Objects, Recent Advances in Science and Technology of Materials, vol. 3 (1975),
9-27.

Hierakonpolis, Lexicon der ?gyptologie,  Band II, Lieferung 16, 1977, 1182-
1186.

With Rosalind Hall. New Exhibitions in the Petrie Museum of Egyptian
Archaeology, The Museum Archaeologist, Dec., 1979, 9-12.

A Lettuce for Min,  G?ttinger Miszellen, no. 37, 1980, 9-15.

The Re-Discovery of the Koptos Lions,  London Federation of Museums and
Art Galleries Newsletter, no. 3, Dec., 1980, 3-4.

Petrie Museum Appeal,  London Federation of Museums and Art Galleries
Newsletter, no. 6, May, 1982, 6.22-6.4.

Tomb of Mahu (Tomb 9)

Tomb of Mahu

Mahu was a police official of the 18th Dynasty. He  served  Akhenaten (1353-1335  B.C.E.)  as  a  air force officer  of  police  at  Amarna, the  capital  of  the  reign. Mahu  may  have  been  one  of  the  Medjay, the  Nubians who helped as soldiers of fortune, ferocious warriors in battle, and as police in the countries capital and in major Egyptian cities.

His tomb at the southern Amarna necropolis situation  was  contrived  with a roughly  cut  cruciform  chapel with two sepulture tools. Some paintings in this tomb have went.

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• Buildling of Amenemhat III
• Amenemhat III (1844-1797)
• Tomb of Amenmeht I at Beni Hassan
• Pyramid of Amenemhat I
• Amenemhat I (1991-1962)

Tomb of Meryra II (Tomb 2)

Inside the Tomb of Meryra II

The Tomb of Merya II is the royal sepulcher of the Ancient Egyptian amazing Meryre II. Famous as Amarna Tomb 2, it is placed in the northern side of the wadi that parts the cluster of tombs known jointly as the Northern tombs, near to the metropolis of Amarna, in Egypt. The tomb is mostly destroyed. It was decorated with the last dated visual aspect of Akhenaten and the Amarna family, going out from the second month, year 12 of his rule.

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·  Luxor Monuments

·  5th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

·  Famous Egyptian Monuments

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·  Aswan Monuments

·  Saqqara Monuments

·  Geography of Ancient Egypt

·  Pharaohs of the 1st Dynasty

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·  Pharaohs of the 3rd Dynasty

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Tomb of Huya (Tomb 1)

Inside the Tomb of Huya

Huya was the keeper of Akhenaten's mother, Queen Tiye, and relief scenes to the right and left of the charm to his tomb present Tiye eating with her son and his home. On the right bulwark of this columnar outer chamber, Akhenaten is shown taking his mother to a little temple he has made for her and, on the left surround, sitting in a admitting chairman with Nefertiti.

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The Amarna Tombs

The road to the Amarna Tombs

• Royal Tomb (Tall El-Amarna)
• Northern Tombs (Tall El-Amarna)
• Tomb of Ahmose(Tomb 3)
• Tomb of Ay (Tomb 25)
• Tomb of Huya (Tomb 1)
• Tomb of Mahu (Tomb 9)
• Tomb of Meri-Re I (Tomb 4)
• Tomb of Meri-Re II (Tomb 2)
• Tomb of Panhesy (Tomb 6)
• Tomb of Pentu (Tomb 5)

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·  Amenhotep II

·  Montuhotep II

·  Tuthmosis I

·  Amenemhat I

·  Amenemhat IV

·  Ahmose

·  Amenhotep I

·  Ay

·  Hatshepsut

·  Montuhotep III

·  Sobekneferu

·  Ancient Egyptian Magic

·  List of Eighteenth Dynasty Pharaohs

·  Pharaohs of the 12th Dynasty

·  Pharaohs of the 7th Dynasty

·  Smenkhare

·  Tuthmosis II

Ancient Egypt Timeline

LATE PREDYNASTIC PERIOD C. 3000 B.C.E.

Scorpion

Narmer

EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD 2920–2575 B.C.E.

First Dynasty 2920–2770 B.C.E.

Aha (Menes)

Djer

Djet (Wadj)

Den

’Adjib (Anedjib)

Semerkhet

Qa’a

Second Dynasty 2770–2649 B.C.E.

Hotepsekhemwy

Re’neb

Ninetjer

Weneg

Peribsen

Sendji

Neterka

Neferkara

Kha’sekhemwy

Third Dynasty 2649–2575 B.C.E.

Nebka (Zanakht) 2649–2630

Djoser (Netjerykhet) 2630–2611

Sekhemkhet 2611–2601

Kha’ba 2603–2599

Huni 2599–2575

OLD KINGDOM PERIOD 2575–2134 B.C.E.

Fourth Dynasty 2575–2465 B.C.E.

Snefru 2575–2551

Khufu (Cheops) 2551–2528

Ra’djedef 2528–2520

Khafre (Chephren) 2520–2494

Menkauré (Mycerinus) 2490–2472

Shepseskhaf 2472–2467

Fifth Dynasty 2465–2323 B.C.E.

Userkhaf 2465–2458

Sahuré 2458–2446

Kakai (Neferirkaré) 2446–2426

Shepseskaré (Ini) 2426–2419

Neferefré (Ra’neferef) 2419–2416

Niuserré (Izi) 2416–2392

Menkauhor 2396–2388

Izezi (Djedkaré) 2388–2356

Unis (Weni) 2356–2323

Sixth Dynasty 2323–2150 B.C.E.

Teti 2323–2291

Userkaré 2291

Pepi I (Meryré) 2289–2255

Merenré I (Nemtyemzaf) 2255–2246

Pepi II (Neferkaré) 2246–2152

Merenré II date unknown

Nitocris (1) (Q.) date unknown

Seventh Dynasty

Dates unknown

Eighth Dynasty 2150–2134 B.C.E.

Neferkuré 2150–?

Qakaré Iby date unknown

Wadjkaré date unknown

Nakare-Aba date unknown

Neferku-Hor date unknown

Neferku-Min date unknown

FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 2134–2040 B.C.E.

Ninth Dynasty 2134–? B.C.E.

Khetys date unknown

Merikaré date unknown

Kaneferré date unknown

Ity date unknown

Tenth Dynasty ?–2040 B.C.E.

Eleventh Dynasty (at Thebes) 2134–2040 B.C.E.

Montuhotep I ?–2134

Inyotef I (Sehertawy) 2134–2118

Inyotef II (Wah’ankh) 2118–2069

Inyotef III (Nakhtnebtepnufer) 2069–2061

MIDDLE KINGDOM PERIOD 2040–1640 B.C.E.

Eleventh Dynasty (all Egypt) 2040–1991 B.C.E.

Montuhotep II (Nebhepetré) 2061–2010

Montuhotep III (S’ankharé) 2010–1998

Montuhotep IV (Nebtawyré) 1998–1991

Twelfth Dynasty 1991–1783 B.C.E.

Amenemhet I (Sehetepibré) 1991–1962

Senwosret I (Kheperkaré) 1971–1926

Amenemhet II (Nubkauré) 1929–1892

Senwosret II (Kha’kheperré) 1897–1878

Senwosret III (Kha’kauré) 1878–1841

Amenemhet III (Nima’atré) 1844–1797

Amenemhet IV (Ma’akheruré) 1799–1787

Sobekneferu (Sebekkaré) (Q.) 1787–1783

Thirteenth Dynasty 1783–after 1640 B.C.E.

Wegaf (Khutawyré) 1783–1779

Amenemhet V (Sekhemkaré) c. 1760

Amenemhet VI date unknown

Harnedjheriotef (Hetepibré) c. 1760

Hor Awibré date unknown

Amenemhet VII (Sedjefakaré) c. 1740

Sobekhotep I (Kha’ankhré) date unknown

Sobekhotep II (Sekhemré-khutawy) date unknown

Khendjer (Userkaré) date unknown

Sobekhotep III (Sekhemré-swadjtawy) c. 1745

Neferhotep I (Kha’sekhemré) c. 1741–1730

Sahathor c. 1730

Sobekhotep IV (Kha’neferré) c. 1730–1720

Sobekhotep V (Kha’hotepré) c. 1720–1715

Aya (Merneferré) 1704–1690

Mentuemzaf (Djed’ankhré) date unknown

Dedumose II (Djedneferré) c. 1640

Neferhotep III (Sekhemré-s’ankhtawy) date Unknown

Fourteenth Dynasty Contemporary with the Thirteenth

Dynasty at Xois

SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1640–1550 B.C.E.

Fifteenth Dynasty (Hyksos) 1640–1532 B.C.E.

Salitis c. 1640

Sheshi date unknown

Yaqub-Hor date unknown

Khian (Swoserenré) date unknown

Apophis (Awoserré) c. 1585–1553

Khamudi c. 1550–1540

Sixteenth Dynasty c. 1640–1532 B.C.E. (Minor Hyksos rulers, contemporary with the Fifteenth Dynasty)

Sekhaen-Ré date unknown

Anather date unknown

Yakoba’am date unknown

Seventeenth Dynasty (Theban) 1640–1550 B.C.E.

Sekhemré-Wahkhau Rahotep date unknown

Inyotef V (Nubkheperré) c. 1640–1635

Sobekemsaf I (Sekhemré-wadjka’u) date unknown

Nebireyeraw (Swadjenré) date unknown

Sobekemsaf II (Sekhemré-shedtawy) date unknown

Inyotef VII c. 1570

Ta’o I (or Djehutí’o) (Senakhentenré) date unknown

Ta’o II (or Djehutí’o) (Sekenenré) date unknown

Kamose (Wadjkheperré) c. 1555–1550

NEW KINGDOM PERIOD 1550–1070 B.C.E.

Eighteenth Dynasty 1550–1307 B.C.E.

Ahmose (Nebpehitré) 1550–1525

Amenhotep I (Djeserkaré) 1525–1504

Tuthmosis I (Akheperkaré) 1504–1492

Tuthmosis II (Akheperneré) 1492–1479

Tuthmosis III (Menkheperré) 1479–1425

Hatshepsut (Q.) (Ma’atkaré) 1473–1458

Amenhotep II (Akhepruré) 1427–1401

Tuthmosis IV (Menkhepruré) 1401–1391

Amenhotep III (Nebma’atré) 1391–1353

Amenhotep IV (Akhenaten) 1353–1335

Smenkharé (Ankhepruré) 1335–1333

Tutankhamun (Nebkhepruré) 1333–1323

Aya (2) (Kheperkhepruré) 1323–1319

Horemhab (Djeserkhepuré) 1319–1307

Nineteenth Dynasty 1307–1196 B.C.E.

Ramesses I (Menpehtiré) 1307–1306

Seti I (Menma’atré) 1306–1290

Ramesses II (Userma’atre’setepenré) 1290–1224

Merenptah (Baenre’hotephirma’at) 1224–1214

Seti II (Userkheprure’setepenré) 1214–1204

Amenmesses (Menmiré), usurper during reign of

Seti II

Siptah (Akhenre’setepenré’) 1204–1198

Twosret (Q.) (Sitre’meritamun) 1198–1196

Twentieth Dynasty 1196–1070 B.C.E.

Sethnakhte (Userkha’ure’meryamun) 1196–1194

Ramesses III (Userma’atre’meryamun) 1194–1163

Ramesses IV (Heqama’atre’setepenamun) 1163–1156

Ramesses V (Userma’atre’sekhepenré) 1156–1151

Ramesses VI (Nebma’atre’meryamun) 1151–1143

Ramesses VII (Userma’atre’setepenré meryamun) 1143–1136

Ramesses VIII (Userma’atre’akhenamun) 1136–1131

Ramesses IX (Neferkare’setenré) 1131–1112

Ramesses X (Kheperma’atre’setepenre’) 1112–1100

Ramesses XI (Menma’atré setepenptah) 1100–1070

THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD 1070–712 B.C.E.

Twenty-first Dynasty 1070–945 B.C.E.

Smendes (Hedjkheperre’setepenré’) 1070–1044

Amenemnisu (Neferkaré) 1044–1040

Psusennes I (Akheperre’setepenamun) 1040–992

Amenemope (Userma’atre’ setepenatnun) 993–984

Osochor (Akheperre’setepenré) 984–978

Siamun (Netjerkheperre’ setepenamun) 978–959

Psusennes II (Titkhepure’setepenré) 959–945

Twenty-second Dynasty 945–712 B.C.E.

Shoshenq I (Hedjkheperre’setepenré) 945–924

Osorkon I (Sekhemkheperre’setepenré) 924–909

Takelot I (Userma’atre’setepenamun) 909–883

Shoshenq II (Hegakheperre’setepenré) 883

Osorkon II (Userma’atre’setepenamun) 883–855

Takelot II (Hedjkheperre’setepenré) 860–835

Shoshenq III (Userma’atre’setepenréamun) 835–783

Pami (Userma’atre’setepenre’amun) 783–773

Shoshenq V (Akheperré) 773–735

Osorkon IV (Akheperre’setepenamun) 735–712

Twenty-third Dynasty c. 828–712 B.C.E.

Various  contemporary  lines  of  kings  recognized  in

Thebes,  Hermopolis,  Herakleopolis,  Leontopolis,

and Tanis; precise arrangement and order are still disputed.

Pedubaste I 828–803

Iuput I date unknown

Shoshenq IV date unknown

Osorkon III 777–749

Takelot III date unknown

Rudamon date unknown

Iuput II date unknown

Nimlot date unknown

Peftjau’abast (Neferkaré) 740–725

Twenty-fourth Dynasty (Sais) 724–712 B.C.E.

Tefnakhte (Shepsesré) 724–717

Bakenrenef (Boccharis) (Wahkaré) 717–712

Twenty-fifth Dynasty 770–712 B.C.E. (Nubia and Theban area)

Kashta (Nima’atré) 770–750

Piankhi (Piye) (Userma’atré) 750–712

LATE PERIOD 712–332 B.C.E.

Twenty-fifth Dynasty 712–657 B.C.E. (Nubia and all Egypt)

Shabaka (Neferkaré) 712–698

Shebitku (Djedkauré) 698–690

Taharqa (Khure’nefertem) 690–664

Tanutamun (Bakaré) 664–657 (possibly later in Nubia)

Twenty-sixth Dynasty 664–525 B.C.E.

Necho I 672–664

Psammetichus I (Wahibré) 664–610

Necho II (Wehemibré) 610–595

Psammetichus II (Neferibré) 595–589

Apries (Wa’a’ibré) 589–570

Amasis (Khnemibré) 570–526

Psammetichus III (Ankhkaenré) 526–525

Twenty-seventh Dynasty 525–404 B.C.E.

(First Persian Period)

Cambyses 525–522

Darius I 521–486

Xerxes I 486–466

Artaxerxes I 465–424

Darius II 423–405

Twenty-eighth Dynasty 404–393 B.C.E.

Amyrtaois 404–393

Twenty-ninth Dynasty 393–380 B.C.E.

Nephrites I (Baenre’merynetjeru) 399–393

Psammuthis (Userre’setenptah) 393

Hakoris (Khnemma’atré) 393–380

Nephrites II 380

Thirtieth Dynasty 380–343 B.C.E.

Nectanebo I (Kheperkaré) 380–362

Teos (Irma’atenré) 365–360

Nectanebo II (Senedjemibre’setepenahur) 360–343

Nakhthoreb c. 343

Thirty-first Dynasty (Second Persian Period) 343–332 B.C.E.

Artaxerxes III Ochus 343–338

Arses 338–336

Darius III Codoman 335–332

And Period interrupted by a native ruler Khababash

(Senentanen-setepenptah)

GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD 332 B.C.E.–395 C.E.

Macedonian (Thirty-second) Dynasty 332–304 B.C.E.

Alexander III the Great 332–323

Philip III Arrhidaeus 323–316

Alexander IV 316–304

Ptolemaic Period 304–30 B.C.E.

Ptolemy I Soter 304–284

Ptolemy II Philadelphus 285–246

Ptolemy III Euergetes I 246–221

Ptolemy IV Philopator 221–205

Ptolemy V Epiphanes 205–180

Ptolemy VI Philometor 180–164, 163–145

Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 145

Ptolemy  VIII  Euergetes  II  (Physcon)  170–163, 145–116

Cleopatra (3) (Q.) and Ptolemy IX Soter II (Lathyros) 116–107, 88–81

Cleopatra (3) (Q.) and Ptolemy X Alexander I 107–88

Cleopatra Berenice (Q.) 81–80

Ptolemy XI Alexander II 80

Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysius (Auletes) 80–58, 55–51

Berenice (4) (Q.) 58–55

Cleopatra VII (Q.) 51–30

Ptolemy XIII 51–47

Ptolemy XIV 47–44

Ptolemy XV Caesarion 44–30

Cleopatra Tryphaena (d. 112 BC)

Cleopatra Tryphaena was the daughter girl of Ptolemy VIII and Cleopatra III. She married her first cousin, Seleucid Antiochus VIII Grypus, son of Demetrius II and Cleopatra Thea, but he faced a rival in his stepbrother, Antiochus IX Cyzicenus, who was married  to  Cleopatra IV,  sister  of Cleopatra  Tryphaena.  When Cleopatra IV was enchanted in 113 BC, she was dead at her sisters behest. Cleopatra Tryphaena was then herself popped when she fallen into the hands of Antiochus IX in 112 BC.

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