Natron Lakes

Natron Lakes were series of water deposits  in the Wadi Natrun, good contemporary Cairo. The Wadi Natrun attended as a source of Natron, a major chemical element  in  the embalming action of mortuary rituals in all times of ancient Egypt.

This map from Jstor:
Wilkinson (G.), "Some Account of the Natron Lakes of Egypt; In a Letter to W. R. Hamilton, Esq ", The Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London, Vol. 13 (1843), pp. 113-118.

Recent Posts:


·        Kahay
·        Narmouthis
·        Abdi-Milkuti
·        Kaaper
·        Magical Lullaby
·        Natron in Ancient Egypt
·        Kamtjenent
·        Abdu Heba
·        Magnates of the Southern Ten
·        Kamutef

Kamutef

Kamutef was an ancient Egyptian creator deity, taken a form of the god Amun. A temple was put up on the west  bank of Thebes to honor Kamutef. The temple was  fashioned as a replica of the earlier mound of creation. An image of Kamutef was exhibited, called the Amun of the devoted place. Every 10 days or therefore, this temple was called by a statue of Amun from Thebes. Kamutef was a curved figure in some periods.

Recent Posts:


·        Magical Dream Interpretation
·        Kahay
·        Narmouthis
·        Abdi-Milkuti
·        Kaaper
·        Magical Lullaby
·        Natron in Ancient Egypt
·        Kamtjenent
·        Abdu Heba
·        Magnates of the Southern Ten

Magnates of the Southern Ten

Magnates of the Southern Ten was a  title disciplined by certain governors of the provinces of Upper Egypt, these were normally nomarchs, genetic princes or nobles of ancient  nome  or  provincial  kin,  who  were  entrusted with preserving order and constancy in their homelands on  behalf  of  the  opinion  pharaohs. During the Ptolemaic Period (304-30 B.C.E.), the Magnates of the South Ten and other Egyptian legal organizations were great to the light  populations,  as  the  Greeks  set  laws  for themselves  and  their  allies  and  reserved  the  nomes  to maintain traditional forms for the Egyptian people. Mitry attended during the 5th Dynasty as a provincial administrator of the royal territories. He was too a counselor and judge, a situation called the Magnates of the Southern Ten. found in his tomb at Saqqara, was 11 wooden statues, which were extremely rare in ancient Egypt. Some of these were life-sized portraitures of himself and his wife.

More about the Magnates of the Southern Ten:

Breasted (J. H.), A History of Egypt, Cambridge University Press, 1905, PP. 165, 166.

Recent Posts:



·        Magical Dream Interpretation
·        Kahay
·        Narmouthis
·        Abdi-Milkuti
·        Kaaper
·        Magical Lullaby
·        Natron in Ancient Egypt
·        Kamtjenent
·        Abdu Heba

Abdu Heba

Abdu Heba Prince  of Jerusalem, in modern Israel. He agreed  with Akhenaten (1353-1335 B.C.E.) of the Eighteenth Dynasty concerning the troubled outcomes of the era. The messages sent by Abdu Heba are involved in the accumulation of letters observed in the capital, Amarna, a important accumulation of correspondence that clearly delineates the life and semipolitical convulsions of that historical  period.  This  prince  of  Jerusalem  seems  to  have maintained unstable relations with neighboring rulers, all vassals of the Egyptian Empire. Shuwardata, the prince of Hebron, complained about Abdu Heba, claiming that he raided other cities lands and kin himself with a physical nomadic tribe called the Apiru.

When  Abdu-Heba  heard  of Shuwardatas charges, he wrote Akhenaten to exalt his innocence. He too urged the Egyptian pharaoh to have steps to safeguard the part because  of  growing  unrest  and migrations  from  the  northwest. In one letter,  Abdu  Heba strongly  resisted  against  the  continued  presence  of Egyptian troops in Jerusalem. He called them unsafe and related how these soldiers went on a drunken spree, hooking  his  palace  and  almost  killing  him  in  the  serve.

Recent Posts:


·        Kai-Aper
·        Magical Dream Interpretation
·        Kahay
·        Narmouthis
·        Abdi-Milkuti
·        Kaaper
·        Magical Lullaby
·        Natron in Ancient Egypt
·        Kamtjenent

Kamtjenent

Kamtjenent was a prince of the 5th Dynasty. He was the son of Izezi (Djedkar) (2388-2356 B.C.E.). Not the inheritor to the throne, Kamtjenent answered as a martial commander in established campaigns. He was buried near his father in Saqqara.

Recent Posts:


·        Kaihep
·        Abdiashirta
·        Kai-Aper
·        Magical Dream Interpretation
·        Kahay
·        Narmouthis
·        Abdi-Milkuti
·        Kaaper
·        Magical Lullaby
·        Natron in Ancient Egypt

Natron in Ancient Egypt

Natron Salt

Natron is a by nature occurring mixture of sodium carbonate decahydrate and around 17% sodium bicarbonate on with small quantities of sodium chloride and sodium sulfate. Natron is white to colourless when pure, variable to gray or yellow with drosses. Natron deposits are sometimes got in saline lake beds which arose in arid environments. Throughout history natron has had many practical lotions that continue today in the wide place of contemporary uses of its constituent mineral components.

In contemporary mineralogy the full condition natron has come to good only the sodium carbonate decahydrate (hydrated soda ash) that makes up most of the historical salt.

Natron was used in all periods of ancient Egypt, affiliated especially with the action of embalming and mummification. It was jawed net-jeryt, Belonging the God; besmen, the name of a local god; or besmen  desher, denoting  a  red  change  of  natron  that was  hygroscopic. It was learned  in  Wadi Natrun, close contemporary Cairo, too called the Natron Valley, and in Upper and Lower Egyptian sites. Natron is a variety of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate or sodium chloride.

The content was originally used as a detersive and as a tooth easier, and in some eras as a glaze for early craft wares. In time natron was used as the main saving agent for  mortuary  rituals. The  basic  element  for embalming, natron was the infusing content for drying corpses and preventing decay. It was used in its dry crystal form, and mummy linens were sometimes wet in natron  before  wrapping. Natron was likewise formed into balls  and  manducated at certain religious observances by the rulers or their priest instances. When the substance was  used in these rituals,  natron represented  the  translated state assumed by the dead in the paradise beyond the serious.

More about the use of Natron in Ancient Egypt:

- Lucas (A.), "The Use of Natron by the Ancient Egyptians in Mummification" ,The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology, Vol. 1, No. 2 (Apr., 1914), pp. 119-123.

- Sandison (A. T.), "The Use of Natron in Mummification in Ancient Egypt", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, Vol. 22, No. 4 (Oct., 1963), pp. 259-267.

Recent Posts:

·        Napata
·        Kahotep
·        Abbott Papyrus
·        Magat
·        Kaihep
·        Abdiashirta
·        Kai-Aper
·        Magical Dream Interpretation
·        Kahay
·        Narmouthis
·        Abdi-Milkuti
·        Kaaper
·        Magical Lullaby

Magical Lullaby

The Magical Lullaby (popularly knew as Charm for the Protection of a Child) is an lettering from the 16th or 17th century BCE. The poem illustrates the ancient Egyptian's physical religious and spiritual does as it is a spell which was sung to ward ghosts off from sleeping children. Magic (famous as heka by the Egyptians after their god of the same name) was a common prospect of daily life and religious and medical applies in ancient Egypt. The Magical Lullaby is one model of the kind of spell which everyday people would use for protection.

Most people, yet, were not 'magicians' and could not regular taken, and therefore certain spells were memorized by seeing and passed down propagation to generation. The Magical Lullaby seems to be one much spell which could be sung by lay people for protection regularly without them having to confabulate with a priest, seer, or doctor.

Recent Posts:

·        Napata
·        Kahotep
·        Abbott Papyrus
·        Magat
·        Kaihep
·        Abdiashirta
·        Kai-Aper
·        Magical Dream Interpretation
·        Kahay
·        Narmouthis
·        Abdi-Milkuti
·        Kaaper

Kaaper

The hieroglyphic
name of Kaaper

Kaaper Statue

Kaaper, also commonly knew as Sheikh el-Beled, was an ancient Egyptian scribe and priest who knew between the late 4th Dynasty and the early 5th Dynasty (around 2500 BCE). Despite his good being not among the highest, he is well known for his famous wooden statue.

Little is famous of Kaaper's life; his titles were reader priest and army scribe of the King, the latter perchance linked to some military campaigns in Palestine. His mastaba (made "Saqqara C8") was discovered by Auguste Mariette in the Saqqara necropolis, just northwest of the Step Pyramid of Djoser. During the digging, the Egyptian diggers unearthed the statue and, obviously impressed by its exceptional pragmatism, they called it Sheikh el-Beled (Arabic for "Headman of the village") probably because of a certain law of similarity between the statue and their local elder. The statue  set in the Cairo Egyptian Museum, CG 34  is 112 centimetres (3.67 ft) tall and sliced from sycamore wood, and depicts the gross Kaaper while walking with a staff. The statue's round, pacific face is almost lifelike thanks to the eyes, which were made practicing rock crystal and small copper plates; it is much cited as an exercise of the significant level of craftmanship and pragmatism achieved during the late 4th Dynasty. From the same mastaba likewise came a wooden statue of a woman, commonly thought as Kaaper's wife (CG 33).

Recent Posts:


·        Napata
·        Kahotep
·        Abbott Papyrus
·        Magat
·        Kaihep
·        Abdiashirta
·        Kai-Aper
·        Magical Dream Interpretation
·        Kahay
·        Narmouthis
·        Abdi-Milkuti

Abdi-Milkuti

Abdi-Milkuti of Sidon

Abdi-Milkuti, or Abdi Milkuti, is the rule  of  the city of Sidon in Phoenicia, contemporary Lebanon. He  was  open  during  the  reign  of  Taharqa (690-664 B.C.E.) of the Twenty-fifth Dynasty and looked the armies of  Assyrians led  by  Essarhaddon. An  ally  of  Taharqa, Abdi-Milkuti  was  unable  to  hold  the  Assyrian violation,  which  was  in reality  a  casual  adventure  on  the part of  Essarhaddon. Sidon  was  captured  easily  by Assyrias highly  educated  forces.  Abdi-Milkuti  was prepared a prisoner, probably dying with his family.

Recent Posts:


·        Napata
·        Kahotep
·        Abbott Papyrus
·        Magat
·        Kaihep
·        Abdiashirta
·        Kai-Aper
·        Magical Dream Interpretation
·        Kahay
·        Narmouthis

Narmouthis

Narmouthis or Madinet Madi Archaeological place is excavated in a small hill of a strategic position defending the southwestern entrance to the Faiyum about 35 kilometres far from Medinet El-Faiyum. The town was named Dj3 in Hieroglyphs, patch during the Greek period it was situated as Narmouthis (Bresciani, 1980). The name Madi, which thinks City of the Past, seems to have originated from the Arab existence. A document, dates back to the ninth century AD., has been got in the site mentioning Madi as the name of the situation.

The temple which is taken one of the most serious temples in the Faiyum realm due to its small state of conservation and the existence of eases on some of its walls and columns, was devoted to the triad Sobek (the crocodile god), Renunutet (serpent goddess of harvest or crop) and Horus of Shedet. During the Greco-Roman period it was devoted to Isis (Thermounis) and Soknopaios.

The temple was originally built in the 12th dynasty by Kings Amenemhat III and IV. It was then rejuvenated during the 19th dynasty. During the Ptolemaic period some addition have been given to the northern and the gray sides of the Middle Kingdom temple  (Bresciani, 1980). The temples alone chambers , made of dark sandstone, are the oldest part of the temple and a rare model of a Middle Kingdom important Expression. This part is rather gentle, with a two  Papyrus columnar  portico leading into a sanctuary with three shrines eating the rear. The middle shrine once housed a large statue of Renenutet, with Amenemhat III and IV lasting on either side of her.

The Ptolemaic reference of the temple included the prosodion way to the south with its lions and sphinxes (in both Egyptian and Greek style), which passed across a columned kiosk which finally leads to the older two columned portico.

It was likely Ptolemy IX Soter II who also added three courtyards, along with other expansion elements. Dating back to the Graeco-Roman period, the temple contains besides a few relieves and hieroglyphic inscriptions.

This new structure allows visitors with an gross picture of the history of the Medinet Madi site and of the Faiyum and likewise offers the possibility to rest for a while or even pass the night a short outstrip from the ancient ruins.

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·        Napata
·        Kahotep
·        Abbott Papyrus
·        Magat
·        Kaihep
·        Abdiashirta
·        Kai-Aper
·        Magical Dream Interpretation
·        Kahay

Kahay

Mastaba of Nefer and Kahay

Kahay (2460-2420 BC) was a singer from the fifth dynasty, Old Kingdom. Kahay came from a family of professional musicians and was a singer at the pharaohs court, credibly during the reign of the later kings of the 5th Dynasty, such as Neferirkare, Shepseskare and Niuserre, the last being, in all probability, the king during whose prevail the tomb of Kahay and his son Nefer was made at Saqqara.

Kahay first attracted the attention of the king by the quality of his singing. He was named Inspector of Singers, later promoted to Controller of Singers and priest of the goddess who was the sponsor of temple music. He was a Steward of the Secrets of the King and Inspector of the Great House and of the Artisans Workshop.

Kahays friendship with the king led in his eldest son, Nefer, rising even higher in the royal serve than he did and enjoying a most distinguished career.

Recent Posts:


·        Kama
·        Magas
·        Napata
·        Kahotep
·        Abbott Papyrus
·        Magat
·        Kaihep
·        Abdiashirta
·        Kai-Aper
·        Magical Dream Interpretation

Magical Dream Interpretation

Magical Dream Interpretation was an face of Egyptian religious and cultic observations, and a part of heka, or magic, as good in Egypt. Dreams were seen important omens or prophetic signs. Papyri available in temple files away provided conventional views of the individual  elements  of  dreams,  and  certain  priests  were prepared  by  the  temples  to  provide  renderings  for those  who  arrived in  the  precinct  to  have  a  clairvoyant dream in the very bema of the god.

If  a  man  learned  himself  with  his  mouth  open  while dreaming, he was told that the terrible in his heart would be starting by divine intervention. If a man learned his wife in his dream the omen was good, taken as thinking that all evils would retirement from him. Evils could too be anticipated by dreams seen in a temple setting. If a man pretend he learned a dwarf, he was going to lose half of his  regular life span.  If  he  wrote  on  a  papyrus  in  his dream  he  seen  that  the  gods  were  getting  to tally  his  deeds  for  a  final  judgment.  If  a  man  died  violently in his dream, nonetheless, he could be assured of living long after his father was interred.

The  rendering  of  dreams  was  practiced  by  the Egyptians  as start of  a  system  prompted  by  an  innate curiosity and concern about the future, and it was favorite particularly in the later periods, when the nation was living  imbalance  and  rapid  change.  The  people  used oracles  likewise  and  consulted  a  calendar  of  lucky  and doomed days in order to ensure the successful effect of their hazards.

Recent Posts:


·        Kama
·        Magas
·        Napata
·        Kahotep
·        Abbott Papyrus
·        Magat
·        Kaihep
·        Abdiashirta

·        Kai-Aper

Kai-Aper

Kai-Aper was a military scribe from the fifth dynasty of the old kingdom, c. 2490 BC. Kai-Aper was an officer helping in the Turquoise Terraces in the Sinai peninsula. He was likewise involved in the munition of a number of strongholds along the Ways of Horus, the path which ran to the north-east out of the Delta.

Recent Posts:


·        Abaton
·        Kama
·        Magas
·        Napata
·        Kahotep
·        Abbott Papyrus
·        Magat
·        Kaihep
·        Abdiashirta