Keper

Keper was a ruler of the bring of Libya in the prevail of Ramses III (1194-1163 B.C.E.). He faced an invasion of his field and then unified with his foes to assault Egypt. The Meshwesh, a tribe living deep in the Libyan Desert, unified  themselves  with Keper and his son, Meshesher, when they entered his territory. In turn, Keper and the Meshwesh overrun Egypt. They introduced the canal named the Water of Re, in the west Delta. Ramesses III rounded  the  invading  effect and routed them, tracking the foe some 12 miles into the Libyan Desert. Meshesher was fascinated on with 2,052 prisoners, while 2,175 Libyans were slain. A wall text and a ease at Medinet Habu document Kepers supplications for his own life, evidently in vain.

Recent Posts:


·        Ancient Egyptians Sexuality
·        Nebetu
·        Adicran (589-570 B.C.E.)
·        Kenbet
·        Marriage in Ancient Egypt
·        Love in Ancient Egypt
·        kenken-ur
·        Nebireyeraw
·        Avaris
·        Admonitions of Ipuwer

Admonitions of Ipuwer

The Papyrus of Ipuwer
Admonitions of Ipuwer is a important  belletristic relic dating to the First Intermediate Period (2134-2040 B.C.E.),  or  perhaps  later.  Egypt,  bereft  of  a  strong  royal house,  had  a  series  of  rival  kingdoms  during  this time and a setback of the conventional social customs. The Admonitions are  deeply  pessimistic  for  this  reason, questioning  the  cosmic  implications  of  Egypts  fallen state. The text was described in the Leiden Papyrus 344, getting been copied from an earlier rendering by Nineteenth Dynasty scribes  (1307-1196  B.C.E.).  Ipuwer  calls  for  a good pharaoh to restore the heart of Maat, justice, piousness, and peace to the Nile kingdoms. Such clarifying literature was always frequent in Egypt.

Comparative between Ipuwer and the Book of Exodus:

The archeological prove does not put up the story of the Exodus, and most histories of ancient Israel no longer take it relevant. Ipuwer has much put forward in frequent literature as confirmation of the Biblical account, nearly notably because of its assertion that "the river is blood" and its frequent references to servants running, but these statements ignore the numerous points on which Ipuwer negates Exodus, such as the fact that its Asiatics are getting in Egypt rather than leaving, and the likeliness that the "river is blood" phrase may relate to the red sediment coloring the Nile during poor floods, or may simply be a tropical image of agitation.

Recent Posts:


·        Tomb of Kenamun (TT93)
·        Ancient Egyptians Sexuality
·        Nebetu
·        Adicran (589-570 B.C.E.)
·        Kenbet
·        Marriage in Ancient Egypt
·        Love in Ancient Egypt
·        kenken-ur
·        Nebireyeraw
·        Avaris

Avaris

The hieroglyphic
name of Avaris
Avaris, or Hut-waret, was the capital of Egypt below the Hyksos. It was placed at modern Tell el-Daba in the northeastern region of the Nile Delta, at the juncture of the 8th, 14th, 19th and 20th Nomes. As the essential course of the Nile transmigrated eastern, its position at the hub of Egypt's delta emporia made it a major administrative capital of the Hyksos and other traders. It was occupied from nearly 1783 to 1550 BC, or from the Thirteenth Dynasty of Egypt up the second intermediate period until its demolition by Ahmose I, the first Pharaoh of the Eighteenth dynasty. The figure in the Egyptian language of the 2nd millennium BC was plausibly broad 'Great House' and announces the capital of an administrative section of the land. Today, the name Hawara goes, referring to the site at the catch to Faiyum. Alternatively, Clement of Alexandria referred to the name of this city as "Athyria".

Location of Avaris from Google Maps
In 1885, the Swiss Edouard Naville gone the first excavations in the area some Tell-el-Daba. Between 1941 and 1942, Labib Habachi, an Egyptian Egyptologist first sent on the idea that the site could be identified with Avaris. Between 1966 and 1969 and since 1975, the locate has been unearthed by the Austrian Archaeological Institute. Using radar understanding technology, its scientists could place in 2010 the abstract of the city including streets, houses, a port, and a side arm of the River Nile passing over the city.


The situation at Tell el-Dab'a, dealing an country of about 2 square km, is in ruins today, but excavations have read that, at one show, it was a well-developed focus of trade with a busy harbour catering to over 300 ships during a trading season. Artifacts excavated at a temple put up in the Hyksos period have raised goods from full over the Aegean world. The temple close has Minoan-like wall paintings that are similar to those found on Crete at the Palace of Knossos. A large mudbrick tomb has also been unearthed to the west of the temple, where grave-goods, such as copper swords, have been learned.

View of the site of Auaris (Tell el-Daba)
Towards the end of the 17th dynasty, Kamose, the gone king of the Seventeenth Dynasty, involved Avaris, but couldn't free the Hyksos, who were ultimately expelled some 18 years later (1550 BC) by Ahmose I, the break of the 18th Dynasty. The Eighteenth Dynasty-based themselves in Thebes and Avaris was largely given, its last bastion becoming the site first of enormous storage deftnesses, including numerous silos and then a military camp, until last a new palatial complex of the 18th Dynasty was manufactured on top of the packs and soldier graves. Avaris was drawn into the new city of Pi-Ramesses manufactured by Ramses II (1279-1213 BC) of the 19th dynasty when he gone the capital back to the Delta.

Fresco from Avaris
Avaris, on with Tel Kabri in Israel and Alalakh in Syria, as well has a record of Minoan civilization, which is opposite quite rare in the Levant. Manfred Bietak, an Austrian archaeologist and the digger of Tell Dab'a, has supposed that there was close reach with the rulers of Avaris, and that the large constructing been the frescoes given up the Minoans to have a rite life in Egypt. French archaeologist Yves Duhoux offered the existence of a Minoan 'colony' on an island in the Nile delta.

Recent Posts:


·        Kemyt
·        Mareotis
·        Kenamun I
·        Kenamun II
·        Tomb of Kenamun (TT93)
·        Ancient Egyptians Sexuality
·        Nebetu
·        Adicran (589-570 B.C.E.)
·        Kenbet
·        Marriage in Ancient Egypt
·        Love in Ancient Egypt
·        kenken-ur
·        Nebireyeraw

Nebireyeraw

Nebireyeraw (Swadjenr, Nebiryaw I) was the ruler of the Seventeenth Dynasty Nebireyeraw found Thebes and Upper Egypt and was a contemporary of the  Hyksos  rule Khian, whose capital was at Avaris. Nebireyeraw, as well  listed as Nebiryaw I, is noted for his stela at Karnak. This monument remembers the sale of a transmitted governorship at Elkab (Nekheb) and portions with legal matters worrying the role of the vizier. The sees of his dominate are uncertain, but he plausibly won Sobekemsaf I.

Recent Posts:

·        Tomb of Kenamun (TT93)
·        Ancient Egyptians Sexuality
·        Nebetu
·        Adicran (589-570 B.C.E.)
·        Kenbet
·        Marriage in Ancient Egypt
·        Love in Ancient Egypt
·        kenken-ur

kenken-ur

kenken-ur was a term used to next the extended Cackler, the  mythological cosmic  layer  of  the  extended  egg,  the Goose-goddess, Ser-t. The term kenken-ur was associated as  well  with  the  earth deity, Geb, who generated Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys. His wife was Nut, the sky.

Recent Posts:


·        Mareotis
·        Kenamun I
·        Kenamun II
·        Tomb of Kenamun (TT93)
·        Ancient Egyptians Sexuality
·        Nebetu
·        Adicran (589-570 B.C.E.)
·        Kenbet
·        Marriage in Ancient Egypt
·        Love in Ancient Egypt

Love in Ancient Egypt

A Love scene show
Amenhotep IV and Nefertiti
The most famous baron of Egypt in the cool day is best knew not for any of his achievements but for his intact tomb saw in 1922 CE. The pharaoh Tutankhamun (1336-1327 BCE), though a young man when he related the throne, did his best to restore Egyptian stability and religious uses after the dominate of his father Akhenaten (1353-1336 BCE). He did so in the company of his young wife and half-sister Anksenamun (c. 1350 BCE) and the pictures of the two of them together are among the most entertaining depictions of romantic love in ancient Egypt.

Ankhsenamun is ever pictured with her husband but this is not particular as such images are common. What makes these special ones so worrying is how the artist emphasizes their cultism to each other by their proximity, hand gestures, and facial expressions.

Tutankhamun died round the age of 18 and Ankhsenamun disappears from the historical record shortly afterwards. Even though the depictions of the two of them would have been clean, as most Egyptian art was, they still convey a deep  level of devotion which one also finds, to variable degrees, in other paintings and inscriptions throughout Egypt's history. In a coffin dedication from the 21st Dynasty a husband says of his wife, "Woe, you have been involved from me, the one with the beautiful face; there was none care her and I saw zip bad about you." The husband in this lettering signs himself, "your brother and mate" and in many other similar inscriptions men and women are seen as equal partners and friends in a relationship. Even though the man was the head of the household, and was expected to be obeyed, women were prestigious as co-workers with their husbands, not subordinate to them.

Sexuality in ancient Egypt was taken just another face of life on earth. There were no taboos worrying sex and no stigma attached to any aspect of it except for infidelity, and, among the lower classes, incest. In both of these cases, the brand was far more serious for a woman than a man because the bloodline was passed through the woman.

While this is true, there are pictures of administration officials intervening in events and ordering a woman put to death for adultery when the husband taken the case to the attention of authorities. In one case, the woman was linked to a stake wrong of her home which she had been judged as staining and burned to death.

Recent Posts:


·        Kenamun I
·        Kenamun II
·        Tomb of Kenamun (TT93)
·        Ancient Egyptians Sexuality
·        Nebetu
·        Adicran (589-570 B.C.E.)
·        Kenbet
·        Marriage in Ancient Egypt

Marriage in Ancient Egypt

Marriage in Ancient Egypt
This was the sharp and emotional union guaranteed by Egyptian men and women that appears to have  consulted considerable social status,  although  a semi-legal aspect goes clearly noted only in documents dating to the periods coming the fall of the New Kingdom in 1070  B.C.E. There are no  records  of  marriages taking place in temples or in politics offices, but  solemnisation were held in  conjunction with such unions. In general, ancient  Egyptian  marriages among common people and lesser nobles come out to have been placed on cohabitation.

Until the 26th Dynasty  (664-525  B.C.E.), prospective grooms ordinarily sought permission for marriage  from  the  intended  brides  father,  and  in the Late Period (712-332 B.C.E.) the groom offered silver and cattle as a bride price to put an stop to a fathers claims on his  girl.  These  marriage  contracts  come out  to  have been composed to clarify a division of belongings in case of the dissolving of the union.

Royal  marriages,  recorded  in  almost  every  stop, had  religious  and  administrative  aspects.  Most  of  these unions were designed to promote the royal fad and were clearly given on the need to put up royal heirs who met the blood essentials for succession. The rulers of the first dynasties of Egypt married  aristocratic  Memphite women to augment their claims and to show connecters  with  the  local  noble  folks.  These  first  rulers essential to bolster up their claims to the throne, as they were from Upper Egypt and unknown to the Delta populations in the early eras.

Polygamy was an had part of royal life, designed to ensure successors to the throne. Normally the son of a ruler (if  there  was  one)  married  his  sister  or  half  sister  and made her his essential Wife, the ranking queen. He then took other wives to guarantee legitimate heirs. Cognation  was  not  a  ingredient  considered  detrimental  to  such unions,  either  on  a  moral  or  hereditary  basis.  In  many examples the heir to the throne was not ready of the sister-wife but of another member of the pharaohs retinue of lesser queens, a process by which the manageable negative genetic outcomes of such unions were eased. In later years, rulers  married  established  princesses  as  well,  in  politically expedient  unions,  conciliatory  gesticulates  to  allies  and buffer states. The Ptolemaic Period (304-30 B.C.E.) rulers married only Greek women, importing them from outside of Egypt or showing unions within the royal homes of Greek states.

There were ideals concerning marriage and the family, and numerous Egyptian sages, taking one of the boys of Khufu (2551-2528  B.C.E.),  counseled  the  people  to marry and to raise up a chauvinistic and noble generation. In the case of Khufus family, however, the presence of too many wives and offspring led to the liable murder of an heir and to class among the royal family. The variable  harems  could  be  seeds  of  intrigue  and  rivalry  in some epochs, as covered conspiracies and plots indicate. Polygamy was not practiced by nonroyal Egyptians, taking the noble classes, but marriages were placed for  political  reasons  among  aristocrats,  as  showed  by nome  records.  Family  members,  as  uncles,  aunts, and first cousins, did intermarry, and the extended nome families took care to keep their holdings secure by regulating unions among their issues.

Not whole of the marriages of ancient Egypt were winning,  however,  and  in  such  cases  divorce  was  an accepted remedy. Such dissolution of marriage required a bound open-mindedness concerning place rights and the economic survival of the ex-wife. In the dynasties coming  the  fall  of  the  New Kingdom,  contracts  become evident.  These  were  perhaps  no  more  than  reciprocally accepted  guidelines  for  the  division  of  property  in  the event  of  a  divorce,  but  they  could  likewise  have  been  legal expressions of the marriage union.

Many documents from the late periods seem to be true marriage reduces. In the case of divorce, the dowry offered by the groom at the time of marriage retrovert to the wife for her put up, or a single payment was given to her. In some instances the husband had to give one-third of the place acquired during the marriage, and in others  the  husband  was  obliged  to  provide  alimony  defrayals.  The  charge  of  adultery,  if  taken  successfully against a wife, eradicated full legal obligations on the part of a husband.

Recent Posts:



·        Adea-Eurydice
·        Kemyt
·        Mareotis
·        Kenamun I
·        Kenamun II
·        Tomb of Kenamun (TT93)
·        Ancient Egyptians Sexuality
·        Nebetu
·        Adicran (589-570 B.C.E.)
·        Kenbet

Kenbet

The New Kingdom had a council of elders addressed kenbet. They were responsible for court cases involving small claims and minor disputes. The elders were from sectional governments and priests whose standard rank in the temples desirable them to be judges. The ancient Egyptian judicial system likewise had a essential Kenbet? which the vizier or pharaoh led and the members were higher-ranking officials. Usually more serious events involving murder, major land dealings and tomb looting were learned at this court. Plaintiffs and defendants represented themselves and much like today, trusted an oath that they told the truth. Egyptian women were as well let to seek justice, and care men could have their day in court.

The ancient Egyptians seen men and women, including people from full social classes exclude slaves, as basically equal under the law, and even the weakest peasant was suitable to petition the vizier and his court for redress. Both men and women had the right to own and sell holding, make contracts, marry and divorce, get inheritance, and pursue legal conflicts in court. Married couples could own belongings jointly and protect themselves from divorce by checking to marriage contracts, which conditioned the financial duties of the husband to his wife and children should the union end.

The head of the legal system was formally the pharaoh, who was trusted for enacting laws, delivering justice, and maintaining law and order, a concept the ancient Egyptians named to as Maat. Although no legal ciphers from ancient Egypt survive, court written documents read that Egyptian law was established on a common-sense view of right and wrong that underlined passing agreements and resolving conflicts rather than strictly bonding to a involved set of statutes. Local councils of elders, knew as Kenbet in the New Kingdom, were sure for ruling in court cases regarding small claims and minor conflicts.

More essential cases requiring murder, major land transactions, and tomb robbery were referred to the important Kenbet, complete which the vizier or pharaoh presided. Plaintiffs and defendants were asked to represent themselves and were required to bank an oath that they had told the truth. In some events, the state took on both the part of prosecutor and judge, and it could agony the impeached with beatings to obtain a confession and the names of any co-conspirators. Whether the charges were little or serious, court scribes documented the complaint, testimony, and verdict of the case for future reference.

Penalty for minor crimes engaged either imposition of amercements, beatings, facial mutilation, or exile, counting on the severity of the offense. Serious crimes such as remove and tomb looting were punished by execution, carried out by beheading, drowning, or impaling the criminal on a stake. Penalisation could also be went to the criminal's family. Getting in the New Kingdom, seers played a major purpose in the desirable system, administering justice in both civil and wrong cases. The operation was to ask the god a "yes" or "no" question referring the right or wrong of an take. The god, carried by a number of priests, rendered judgment by choosing one or the other, moving forth or backward, or pointing to one of the solutions written on a piece of papyrus or an ostracon.

Recent Posts:


·        Kem-wer
·        Nebetu Goddess
·        Adea-Eurydice
·        Kemyt
·        Mareotis
·        Kenamun I
·        Kenamun II
·        Tomb of Kenamun (TT93)
·        Ancient Egyptians Sexuality
·        Nebetu
·        Adicran (589-570 B.C.E.)

Adicran (589-570 B.C.E.)

Adicran is a Libyan ruler. He  was  partially  honest  for  the  fall  of  Apries (589-570 B.C.E.) of  the  26th  Dynasty.  An  ally  of Egypt,  Adicran  presented  a  Greek  invasion and  appealed  to Apries for aid in outrageous the foe. The Greeks had set the colony of Cyrene on the Libyan seashore and were now  threatening  the  Libyan  rule.  Apries  sent different units  of Egyptian  veteran  troops  to Adicrans aid,  and they had a stinging kill at the hands of the Greeks. The  Egyptian  troops  gave  home  and  mutinied because  of  the  incident.  When  Apries  sent  his  frequent, Amasis (570-526 B.C.E.), to junior the mutiny, Amasis sided  with  the  flocks  and  was  announced  the  just ruler of Egypt.

Adicran  looked  the Cyrene King Battus II  the  Lucky, who overcome the Libyans and Egyptians in c. 570 B.C.E. He  placed  new  colonies  and  Hellenized  the  hump  of eastern  Libya,  calling  it Cyrenaica.  In  525  B.C.E., the secret feuds between rival Egyptian families searching the throne over when the Persians arrived with the army of Cambyses.

Recent Posts:


·        Nebetu Goddess
·        Adea-Eurydice
·        Kemyt
·        Mareotis
·        Kenamun I
·        Kenamun II
·        Tomb of Kenamun (TT93)
·        Ancient Egyptians Sexuality
·        Nebetu

Nebetu

Nebetu was a royal  woman  of the Eighteenth Dynasty. She was a little ranked consort of Tuthmosis III (1479-1425 B.C.E.). Nebetuu passed at a young mature. She was described on a dead room stela learned in the tomb of an regular of a later reign, Nebamun (1), perhaps referring some sort of familia  kinship. She was perchance the daughter of Prince Setum of the royal family.

Recent Posts:



·        Nebetu Goddess
·        Adea-Eurydice
·        Kemyt
·        Mareotis
·        Kenamun I
·        Kenamun II
·        Tomb of Kenamun (TT93)
·        Ancient Egyptians Sexuality

Ancient Egyptians Sexuality

A Piece of ostracon from the
Ramesside period. It show
two men having sex together
Sexuality in Ancient Egypt is a subject to be approached with caution. Norms in regard to sexual conduct cannot be looked at with our western realizing of sexual identity element as many cultures, both past and present, do not create categories placed on the same things we do. Moreover, we essential be careful when rendering both written and artistic accounts of sex as we might cast our own suppositions and biasessuch our list to ascribe to mortals monosexual identitiesonto those who don't set into our reciprocally exclusive sexuality packages.

God Min with an erect penis
In art, sex is not usually explicitly detailed, though since much art was either in tombs or temples it can be reasoned that their sexual acts were not showed so as to avoid their sacrilege. That is not to read that the ancient Egyptians never drew graphic pictures; often, leastwise one party was got as an animal to ban the act as the Egyptians had a certain primness towards instances of sex between two humans. Beyond this, the Ancient Egyptians did not seem to be terribly shy about sex. Their mythology relies hard on sexual themes, and there are many (potential) coded messages and euphemisms about sex riddled within the art itself. For exercise, King Tutankhamen is shown on a chest using a bow while his wife stands by his feet with an arrow at the ready; the verb to film in the Ancient Egyptian language likewise means to seed. This is symbolic of the require to have sex in order to be reborn after death. What Is More, their religion itself was stepped in sexual themes, taking the ithyphallic god Min.

As for art showing humans in sexually explicit views, there is the famous example of graffiti of a pharaoh and a man normally opinion to be Hatshepsut and Senenmut. It would have been highly taboo to draw the queen in this manner.

Less crudely made, the damaged Turin Erotic Papyrus pictures settings of either animals or humans in various sexual acts and views. Some consider it to be a satire on human ways and desires, as the animal vignettes on the first third of the papyrus intimate, which as well mocks individuals of the upper class. Others consider it to be purely hot and that it was applied as such.

Recent Posts:


·        Adda Stone
·        Mansion of Isden
·        Kem-wer
·        Nebetu Goddess
·        Adea-Eurydice
·        Kemyt
·        Mareotis
·        Kenamun I
·        Kenamun II
·        Tomb of Kenamun (TT93)

Tomb of Kenamun (TT93)

Fishermen from the Tomb of Kenamun (TT93)
Tomb of Kenamun or the Theban Tomb number (TT93) is situated in Sheikh Abd el-Qurna, start of the Theban Necropolis, on the westward bank of the Nile, opposite to Luxor.

The tomb belongs an 18th dynasty Ancient Egyptian named Qenamun who was the superintendent of the cattle of Amun and chief keeper of Amenhotep II. More than eighty epiteths of Qenamun were found in the tomb. Qenamun's mother, Amenemipet, was a wet nurse of Amenhotep II, which effectively made Qenamun a nurture brother to the young prince that would become king.

The tomb was famous in the early 19th century and was called by Champollion, Wilkinson, Lepsius and Prisse d'Avennes, but stayed largely overlooked until the late 1920s when the Metropolitan Museum of Art advertised The tomb of Kenamun at Thebes, which points the exploration and documents the content of the tomb.

Recent Posts:


·        Adda Stone
·        Mansion of Isden
·        Kem-wer
·        Nebetu Goddess
·        Adea-Eurydice
·        Kemyt
·        Mareotis
·        Kenamun I
·        Kenamun II

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