Mernieth

Tomb stela of Merneith,
in the Umm el-Qa'ab.

When Flinders Petrie, English archaeologist,  re-excavated the tombs at the old burial ground of Abydos during 1901 he accidentally found an unfamiliar tomb whose owner bore the name Mer-Neith.  The monument itself was a traditional building under ground with side chambers within like the mastaba tombs accompanied with side burials of retainers outside.

At first he thought that he had found an unknown king, but soon new fact came to light telling the unexpected truth that Mer-Neith was a woman.

It became clear that she was the widow and queen of king Djet and held office during the puerility and youth of their son, the next ruler to be - king Den whose name appeared in the grave. A proof of her position in the sequence of leaders was later found on a seal impression from the tomb of her son, where her name was put along with the ruling kings but without the king's insignia - the Horus falcon. In other lists from later times however, the Egyptians did not mention her, only her son. Above all, her name was found on a fine stele made of stone that credibly have had the same function as the one found from her husband - to mark the place of offering for the veneration of her immortal individual. For later commemoration she also had a ritual area in Abydos, beside the ones from five other regents. Her name contains the old patroness and war goddess from Lower Egypt - Neith and means: "beloved by Neith", whose regalia, (shield and arrows), are present on small labels from this time as well as her big stela. That the queen thus was a native of the Delta is a plausible guess, thereby making a sort of matrimonial alliance between the northern and the South, but this is so far not confirmed. Few remains attested to her of found outside Abydos probably due to the fact that all official sign, marks of property etc were made in the name of her little son. An exception is a great mastaba (Nr 3503, 16x42 m) in Sakkara where her name has been found as inscriptions on stone vessels, jars and seal impressions.

King Mernieth's Burial place:

His tomb in saqqara (3507) and abydos (tomb y) support her rule. Primitively missed, but found by Petrie. The central chamber is included with 8 storerooms whwere certain jars were found. The burial chamber contains the stela of Merytneith. 41 alternative graves. Tomb Y, Umm el Ga’ab.

Djer (Itit) (3016—2970)

Cartouche of Djer

Djer was the second pharaoh during the 1st Dynasty, when the crown still resided at Memphis. He was the son of Aha and one of his lesser placed wives, a woman named Hent. Djer established a palace at Memphis where he ruled Egypt from for fifty years. He also launched a successful military effort to fight the Hekssus in Sinai. His name was found in an inscription on the Wadi Halfa, south of the first Cataract, proving the boundaries of his reign. Djer's wife was Queen Herneith. He was sunk in a mortuary complex which is named the True Essential of the god Osiris.

His tomb, at abydos, (tomb o) holds 300 alternative burials, just weest of Aha; made of brick 70 x 40 meters. In the Umm el- Ga’ab section tomb believed to hold Osiris and focus of pilgrimages. Later mistaken for the tomb of Osiris. Discovered by Emile Amelineau in 1895 with a 5 year contract for mining.

King Djer's Burial position:

He was a low archeaologist – probably he got the contract because he was friends with the manager of the Egyptian Antiquities Service in Cairo – and discovered the “Tomb of Osiris” in "Umm el Ga’ab", an area simply prosperous with artifacts. He completely cleared the tomb between January 1 and January 12th, discarding whole piles of artifacts and retaining only complete objects. Most things were simply ignored if the felt them of no value.l. He found a basalt statue on a bier (similar to the funerary couch of Tut) in the tomb, and a skull in one chamber.  He decided (quite arbitrarily, based on the stiarcase) that this was athe tomb of Osiris himself, and the skull was that of the god – or, in his view, a true historical figure. The skull was later identified as that of a woman,b ut this did not change Emile’s view.

Menes (Horus Aha) (3050—2890 BCE)

Narmer

This is new lights about Knig Menes, this who founded memphis and crocodopolis.Aha is known for more people as King Menes of Memphis. He was the founding of the 1st Dynasty, . First king to unify Upper and Lower Egypt into one kingdom. Ancient Egypt's most frequent form of civilization began with his crowning, and did not end for good until the beginning of the  Roman epoch, which started with Augustus Caeser. Menes founded the city of Memphis, and chose as its location an island in the Nile, so that it would be easy to defend. Menes was also the founder of Crocodopolis. During his time, the Egyptian army performed raids against the Nubians in the southern and expanded his sphere of shape as far as the First Cataract. His chief wife was Queen Berenib, though she was not the mother of his successor, King Djer, and his mother was Neithotepe. His death is a secret, for, according to legend he was attacked by wild dogs and Nile crocodiles in Faiyum . Menes' tomb rests at Saqqara, the famed necropolis of Memphis. He died at the age of Sixty Three.

Pharaoh Aha is by custom among archaeologists the pharaoh that established the first dynasty and a long reign and repositories and other remains attested to him have been got all over Egypt. If he was the first king (by historian Manetho called Menes) he was supposed to have been in office for 62 years. He was an active ruler put forward the god Ptah from his new capital Memphis who patron of creation and handicraft. This township (or more likely a shrine within it) originally had the name "Hiku-Ptah" later to be corrupt by foreigners to the name "Egypt". All forms of craftsmanship and art was supported during his rule, and he was a pacifier between the two fractions in the country after the Upper (southern) part's taking over of the Lower (northern). Manetho says that during this time the Egyptian people learned how to live in a civilized manner, and worship the gods in a unique way. The first great mastaba tomb at Sakkara (the royal graveyard of Memphis) is from Aha's reign (Nr 3357, ~ 42 x 15 m), and was the first ever to have a boat buried beside. This custom with maritime association was to continue for thousands of years. 

At the same place great mastabas were established for persons believed to have been high officials and likely close relations to the king or his queen. Very few remains (if any) from king Aha are found out Egypt and just a single find of foreign pottery is base from his reign. A big change is showed in his tomb complex at Abydos, so different from his predecessors' and presumed father Narmer's. The main buildings are three chambers with very thick walls placed in a row. Like the other doing tombs they were lined inside with wood and roofed with wooden beams. Completing the row were 34 minor tombs for retainers who had observed their master into the next world. I they were sacrificed or buried over after their natural death, is not known. This strongly points that Aha had a supreme and probably divine power, a inheritance that should become the distinctive mark for the Egyptian state in the time to come. The first chamber was the burying place of the king himself and there was found written text of a cargo freight to the Delta with offering goods to a shrine, all carved in to a tiny little label of wood. The second chamber is thought to belong to his queen named Bernerib (meaning "Sweet of Hearts"). Her name was found in some side burials credibly belonging to her servants. This means that the complex was great over time and investigations from the 1990s confirms that many royal tombs at Abydos was altered several times. Aha is a strong prospect to be the legendary king Menes - the unifier and first king of Egypt. Another strong candidate is his supposed father Narmer, who lacks monuments from the capital Memphis but is recorded as the founder by the Egyptians.

Osireion

Osireion

The  name  given  to  the  Cenotaph of  Seti i (r.  1306–1290  b.c.e.)  at  Abydos, erected  to  serve  as  his enormous  mortuary  temple  in  Osiris  holy  metropolis,  the  shape became unfinished at the time of Seti i’s death. his grand-son Merenptah (r.  1224–1214  b.c.e.)  completed  it  in  his honor,  and  the  temple  stands  as  a  awesome  example of Egyptian architectural and artistic advances. the custom  of  erecting  cenotaphs,  or  false,  secondary  tombs, in  the  holy  city  of  Abydos  dates  to  the  earliest  eras  on  the Nile. Seti i’s temple meditated this culture but added the factors of the artisans and builders of his era. the walls of this temple were blanketed with passages from the e-book of the lifeless, the  e-book  of  gates, astronomical  treatises, and other texts. a unique function of the Osireion became an island that became surrounded through canals that held the water. the  fake  sarcophagus of  the  pharaoh  rested  on  the island.

A portico opened onto a shrine, main to the first Hypostyle  hall  that  contained  12  pairs  of  papyrus columns  and  complex  and  beautiful  reliefs.  seven chapels had been additionally included in the layout and caused a 2nd  Hypostyle  corridor  that  had  reliefs  of  nome  standards. the  gods  commemorated  in  this  section  encompass  Ptah,  Ré-harakhte, Amun, Osiris, Isis, Horus, and Ptah-sokar. an Osirian chapel results in a Cultic ceremonial hall with  chambers. the gallery of the king lists is on this phase, alongside  a  hall  of  bulls,  and  a  shrine  for  a  Sokar boat. the authentic shrine at the web page turned into probable erected inside the antique nation (2575–2134 b.c.e.). Seti i’s structure, constructed on the inspiration, turned into made out of quartzite, sandstone, and granite. Merenptah (1224–1214 b.c.e.) brought an extended passage, embellished with scenes from the book of the dead.

Shunet ez Zebib

Shunet ez Zebib

This site (Shunet ez Zebib) is a double walled fort referred to as “the storehouse of dates” and positioned at the northern boundary of Abydos at Umm el-Ga’ab, this necropolis region dates to the early dynastic length (2920–2575 b.c.e.). the funerary enclosure of Kha’sekhemwy (r. c. 2649 b.c.e.) changed into product of mud brick and erected at the website. it's miles revered because the oldest standing enormous shape in the global and is a part of Shunet ez Zebib. the walls of the complete structure are giant. cenotaphs were located, in addition to a sequence of boat pits.

Umm el-Ga’ab (Umm el-Qa'ab)

General view of area of Umm el-Ga’ab

Umm El-Ga’ab or Umm el-Qa'ab, it was the necropolis of the metropolis of Abydos, referred to as  “the  mother  of  pots”  by using  present day  neighborhood  residents. this become one in every of Egypt’s earliest cemeteries, utilized by the  rulers  of  the  first  dynasty  (2920–2770  b.c.e.).  second dynasty (2770–2649 b.c.e.) monuments, associated with Peribsen and Kha’sekhemwy, had been also determined on the website,  referred to as  “Peger”  in  some  data.  a few  Predynastic graves are also at Umm El-Ga’ab.

the  superstructures  of  the  royal  tombs  have  been destroyed  over  the  centuries,  exposing  the  stays  of brick-covered  burial  pits.  the  rulers  deposited  Stelae  and clay sealing in those chambers as well as ivory figurines and  mortuary  furniture.  the  tomb  of  Djer, the  2d ruler of the first dynasty, was declared the resting place of the deity Osiris. as a end result, the tomb obtained many honors and votive offerings, specially for the duration of the new nation  duration  (1550–1070  b.c.e.).  a  tomb  relationship  to the  twenty-first  dynasty  (1070–945  b.c.e.)  changed into  erected for  Psusennes,  the  son  of  the  high  priest  of  Amun, Menkheperresenb (2), at Umm El-Ga’ab. the tomb has a chapel,  burial  shaft,  and  mortuary  stela.  the  web page  is famous for the sounds made by way of the finely grained sands of  the  place.  this  sand  makes  Aeolian  melodies  whilst blown  over  the  ruins  and  the  dunes  by using  the  wind.  the Egyptians believed the sounds originated within the tombs.

Kom El Sultan (Osiris’s temple)

temple of Osiris at Kom El Sultan

Kom El Sultan turned into the principal shrine of Osiris in Abydos, now  called  Kom El Sultan  by means of  the  Egyptians. there had been many sites of worship dedicated to Osiris in the  Nile  valley  and  past,  but  the  god’s  foremost  cultic temple changed into placed in Abydos, the city devoted to him. most effective the ramparts of the temple are seen today. a limestone portico erected with the aid of Ramsesii (r. 1290–1224 b.c.e.) is also obtrusive. the temple, referred to as the Osireion in some records, dates to the third dynasty (2649–2575 b.c.e.) or possibly  in advance.  this  is  older  than  the  Osireion erected by using Seti i (r. 1306–1290 b.c.e.).

Arabet Abydos (el-Araba el Madfuna)

Temple of Seti i in Arabet Abydos

Arabet Abydos or El-araba El Madfuna, in Egypt ,Sohag. in El-araba located a massive temple of Seti i ,excavation project of ministry of antiquities history observed limestone historic Egyptian chapel from 11th dynasty.excavation came within framework of cleaning programme performed through MAH in area,after tourism antiquities police caught population trying to illegally excavate searching for artefacts.Ali El-asfar,head of historic Egyptian section at MAH  ,said chapel could be very well preserved placed 150metres n of temple of king Seti i.

Dendera (Inuit)

Dendera temple

Thebes, the capital of the sixth nome of upper Egypt and the  cultic  middle  of  the  goddess  Hathor. the  town  became called Inuit or Tantere with the aid of the Egyptians. the goddess Isis changed into also venerated within the area, and the Egyptians most important tained  a  crocodile  sanctuary  there.  in  the  early  intervals, Dendereh changed into at the trade direction from Qena to the red sea.

the  foremost  chapel,  dedicated  to  Hathor,  dates  to  the reign of khufu (cheops, 2551–2528b.c.e.), and another from  the  eleventh  dynasty  (2134–1991  b.c.e.)  become  discovered close to a sacred lake at Dendereh. the primary temple became original out of a stone platform on a sand foundation  with  a  mud-brick  enclosure  wall.  a  Propylon front  leads  to  a  transverse  hypostyle  corridor  with  24 columns.  a  second  hall  has  six  columns  and  a  brief ramp. additionally protected in the temple are the corridor of offerings, an inner vestibule, and the hall of the cycle of the gods. numerous chapels are also in the complex, the according to-ur, committed to the start of the brand new year; according to-nu, honoring the adventure of the goddess to Edfu; according to-neser, committed to the goddess as a lioness. beneath, there are 32 treasure crypts. the main temple reliefs at Dendereh also point out Pepi i (r. 2289–2255 b.c.e.), Tuthmosis iii (r.1479–1425 b.c.e.), and Ptolemy xii Auletes (r. 88–fifty eight, 55–fifty one b.c.e.). This structure additionally had a “Dendereh zodiac” relief and a sanitarium where Egyptians have been reportedly cured of sickness thru Hathor’s intercessions.

the  temple  complex  dates  to  the  sixth  dynasty (2323–2150  b.c.e.),  attributed  to  “the  followers of Horus” of that point. the existing shape dates to the Ptolemaic period (304–30 b.c.e.). the chapel of Osiris and the temple  reliefs  of  Cleopatra vii (r.  51–30  b.c.e.)  and Ptolemy xv caesarion (r.  forty four–30  b.c.e.)  attest  to  the Ptolemaic affects. 3 delivery homes, referred to as a mammisi, and a temple of isis whole the non secular complex. the necropolis of Dendereh covered tombs from the early dynastic duration (2920–2575 b.c.e.) as well as a number  of  mastabas  belonging  to  neighborhood  nomarchs. on  the western aspect of the cemetery there are brick-vaulted catacombs in which birds, cows, and dogs have been entombed in mummified form. a small chapel from montuhotep ii (r. 2161–2010  b.c.e.)  was  also  found  in  Dendereh  and now  is  in  the  Egyptian  museum  in  Cairo.  the  building commemorated  the  royal  cult  and  had  inscriptions  from Merenptah (r.  1224–1214  b.c.e.)  of  the  19 dynasty. a temple honoring the birth of Isis changed into adorned via  emperor  Augustus, and  another  shrine,  dedicated  to Horus of Edfu, became erected inside the location. sizeable building persisted in Dendereh at some point of ancient historical eras.