Armant (Erment)

Cleopatra’s temple at Erment

Armant or Erment was a site south of Thebes, called Iun-Mut, “The Pillar of Mut,” or Iun-Montu, “the Pillar of Montu,” in Egyptian; Hermonthis in Greek; also Armant in some lists. Erment was once the capital of the fourth nome of Upper Egypt but was replaced by Thebes as early as the Middle Kingdom(2040–1640 B.C.E.).

The god Montu had a cult  center  at  Erment,  associated  with  the  sacred  bull Buchis. Remains  of  an  Eleventh  Dynasty  (2040–1991 B.C.E.) palace were discovered on the place. A temple from the Eighteenth Dynasty, built by Queen-Pharaoh Hatshepsut (r. 1473–1458 B.C.E.) and reconstructed by TuthmosisIII (r.1479–1425  B.C.E.),  was  also  observed  in  Erment.  The Bucheum, the bull necropolis, is also on the site.

A better temple at Erment dates to the Middle Kingdom with later add-on. Nectanebo II (r.  363–343 B.C.E.) started a similar shrine that was completed by the Ptolemies (304–30 B.C.E.). Cleopatra VII (r. 51–30 B.C.E.) and Ptolemy XV Caesarion (r. 44–30 B.C.E.) constructed a Mammisi, or birth house there, with a dedicated lake.

Mummification Museum at Luxor

Mummification Museum at Luxor

Mummification Museum recently introduced in the visitors centre in Luxor, it is the only one of its sort in the world. It houses 150 souvenirs of mummies, coffins, tools the ancient Egyptian physician used, and house paintings corresponding the religious funerary rituals. The story of this museum started when the Egyptian president established that the obligation of the former visitor middle building was to be transmitted from the tourism ministry to that of culture (and, specifically, the Supreme Council of Antiquities). It was opened in 1997.

    Gods of ancient Egypt

    Embalming materials

    Organic materials

    Embalming fluid

    Tools of mummification

    Canopic jars

    Ushabtis

    Amulets

    Coffin of Padiamun

    Mummy of Masaherta

    Mummified animals

Ramesseum

The Ramesseum

This was the temple established by Ramses II (r. 1290–1224 B.C.E.) at Thebes (Luxor). Called “the Temple of the Million Years,”  the  construction  was  part  of  Ramses II’s mortuary  cult.  The  temple  was  dedicated  to  the  deified Ramses II  and  to  the  god  Amun, addressed  “the  United With Eternity.” The site was called the Memnomium, or the Tomb of Ozymandias, by the Greeks.

The  structure  was  included  by  a  brick  wall  and superimposed on a temple constructed originally by Seti I. Pylons drawn Ramses II’s Battle of Kadesh and his Syrian victories. The Ramesseum had a Hypostyle Hall, courts, and a throne room. A big statue of Ramses II,  more  than  55  feet  tall,  was  discovered  in  the  first court.  An  astronomical  chamber  was  likewise  found  on  the site, composing a second hypostyle hall.

In the southwest, a temple devoted to Seti I and Queen Tuya, the  royal  parents  of  Ramses II,  was erected,  and  an  avenue  of  sphinxes  surrounded  various edifices. There were likewise chambers that served as sanctuaries for the different solar barks. A royal hall was part  of  the  design.  The  Twenty-second  (945–712 B.C.E.) and also Twenty-third  (828–712  B.C.E.)  Dynasties  used  the storage  areas  of  the  Ramesseum as a burial  site.  A papyrus  discovered  on  the  site  contained  a  version  of “the  Tale  of  the  Eloquent Peasant,”  and  medical  texts referring  the  treatment  of  tightening  limbs  were  also found.

In  the  reign  of  Ramses IX (1131–1112 B.C.E.), priests  serving  the  Ramesseum were  caught  transferring golden  objects  from  this  shrine.  An  confederate,  a  gardener  named  Kar,  confessed  how  measures  of  golden decorations were taken. He also named his confederates, some  of  whom  were  in  the  priesthood.  They  were seriously punished, as their crimes included not only theft but desecration in violating a religious site.

Colossi of Memnon

Colossi of Memnon

Two big quartzite statues experienced as the Colossi of Memnon are all that rest of the magnificent social system which was built as a mortuary temple for Amenophis III.  Earlier the statues flanked the pylon gates of the temple, now they model side by side amid fields of corn with their hands located neatly upon their knees, quiet facing east waiting for the rise of the new-born sun.  On one position of Amenophis’s feet stands the little figure of his wife Queen Tiye and on the other face stands an equally diminutive figure of his mother Mutemuia.

These two colossal statues were misnamed Memnon by the Greeks who thought that they represented the mighty Memnon who Achilles killed in the battle for Troy.  In Roman times, wind passing through a crack in the northwest statue gave out a baleful cry which was thought to be Memnon crying to his mother Eos.  The crack appeared after an earthquake some 30 BC and stopped when Septimus Severus ordered its doctor in 199 AD.  The statues although anonymous and badly damaged are still very amazing although the south statue now has an appearance of being burned after it was recently treated with preserving material.

Amenophis III, now as well referred to as Amenhotep III, came to the throne when he was only 12 years old and governed Egypt from 1390 – 1352 BC when he passed at the age of 49 years.  He was buried in the Western Valley near the Valley of the Kings. 

His prevail was a time of peace and successfulness when Egypt’s wealth inflated enormously and, without any wars to worry about, he shipped on a large building programme including a mud-brick palace known as Malqata, the scant ruins of which are close to the Medinet Habu.  In size, his mortuary temple may well have rivalled that of the mighty temple at Karnak but it was established on the flood-plane and hurt corrosion and earthquake damage soon after its completion.  Many of its finely carved stone stops were later reused in the building of the Medinet Habu and the Ramesseum.  Extensive digging of the temple site has of late started and the bases of some exceptionally big statues have been exposed in 2005.

The car park beside the statues can be complete of tour buses early in the morning so the best time to view the statues is late in the afternoon when most of the tour buses have gave or at night when the statues are light.

Deir el-Medina

Deir el-Medina

Deir el-Medina, a village of ancient Egyptian artisans involved  to  the  New Kingdom (1550–1070  B.C.E.) necropolis  at  Thebes. It  is  based  on  the  west  bank between the Ramesseum and Medinet Habu. The site was named  Set-Ma’at when  grounded  by  Tuthmosis I (r.1504–1492 B.C.E.)  near  the  special  eleventh  dynasty (2040–1991  B.C.E.)  necropolis.  The  artisans  were  formerly known as “the Servitors of the Place of Truth,” the laborers of the tombs in the Valleys ofthe kings and queens. Some  workers  were  valued  for  their  skills  and imaginative artistry. In some reads these workers were called “the Servants of the Place of Truth.”.

From the Tomb of Merit in Deir el-Medina

The homes of these artisans had various rooms, with the workers of higher rank basking vestibules and several architectural adornments. They also raised elaborate funerary  sites  for  themselves  and  their  families,  caricatures  of  the  royal  tombs  upon  which  they  hard throughout their entire lives. Little pyramids were fashioned out of bricks, and the secret walls were covered with stunning paintings and reliefs. The site has provided scholars  with  inscribed  papyri,  ostraka,  and  elaborate depictions of common life.

King Amenhotep I (r. 1525–1504  B.C.E.)  was  an  early supporter  of  the  region.  A  temple  put up  on  the  site  by Amenhotep III (r.  1359–1353  B.C.E.)  was  refurbished  by Ptolemy IV Philopator (r. 186–164, 163–145 B.C.E.). Seti I (1306–1290  B.C.E.) put up temples to Hathor and Amun on the site. Tahrqa (r. 690–664 B.C.E.) also built an Osirian chapel in that location.

Mortuary Temple of Seti I

The Mortuary Temple of Seti I

Beside the modern hamlet of el-‘Araba el-Madfuna are the impressive remains of a unique Egyptian temple built by Seti I (19th Dynasty). The temple contains seven sanctuaries set in a row, each gave to a different deity, the southernmost one rewarding Seti I himself. This dedication emphasizes the building’s role as a funerary shrine for Seti I. This is supported by the name of the temple: “The house  of  millions  of  years  of  the  King  Men-Ma’at-Re  [Seti  I],  who  is  contented  at Abydos.” Actually buried in the Valley of the Kings at Thebes, Seti I was coming a longstanding  Egyptian  royal  tradition in building  a  secondary  funerary  complex  at Abydos, the cult central of the Egyptian god Osiris. The temple’s put up relief decoration carved under Seti I on fine white limestone evokes a traditional, classical style. Many of the serious reliefs also retain their original painted details, forming some of the finest bas-reliefs kept from ancient Egypt.

The consequence of the Amarna period, with Seti I restoring the worship of the traditional Egyptian  gods,  may  explain  the  merged  dedication  of  the  temple  to  (from  south  to north) Ptah, Re-Horakhty, Amen-Re, Osiris, Isis and Horus. The unusual L-shaped project of the temple is caused by a southeast wing appended to the main rectilinear temple. This wing  contains  rooms  dedicated  to  Memphite  funerary  deities,  such  as  Sokar  and Nefertum, further underlining the national and funerary centre of the temple. In addition, a good list of legitimate pharaohs is offered in the “kings’ gallery” to the south of the  sanctuaries  in  the  passageway  passing  to  a  butchering  room.  The  names  of Akhenaten, Smenkhkare and Tutankhamen are missed from the list, as if to wipe off their reigns from qualified history.

The temple is set within  a  great  enclosure  wall  (circa  220×350 metre)  with  a  important mudbrick  pylon  confronting  the  desert,  from  which  a  prosodion  way  probably  led  to  the royal tombs at Umm el-Qa’ab. Access to the temple was from the east, up ramps that led into two large courtyards, one after the other. The temple was left unfinished at the death of King Seti I and most of the front part of the temple was finished in sunk ease during the reign of King Seti I’s son Ramses II. The southeast home wall of the first court contains a agency of Ramses II struggling the Hittites at Qadesh. The names of Merenptah, Ramses III and Ramses IV are also preserved on these front courts. To the east of these courts lies a large storehouse or set of magazines, such as were likewise found at the Ramesseum. In the center of these is a pulpit with pillars which would have served as a reception center for entry or outgoing goods.

With  seven  chancels,  the  temple’s  program  is  exceptionally  broad.  Access  to  the sanctuaries  was  through  two  cross  hypostyle  halls,  the  first  with  two  rows  of columns and the second with 3. In the first hypostyle hall the names of King Seti I have been overwritten by Ramses II. The seven sanctuaries are mostly decorated with scenes from the daily cult ritual rendering the king recording the shrine, offering and anointing the god’s statue and barque and then leaving while sweeping away his footprints as he goes. Six of these shrines have a false door depicted on their west wall through which the deity was thought to enter the temple. The exception is the shrine to Osiris; here an actual door leads to a unique suite of rooms at the back of the temple in which the Mysteries of Osiris were celebrated. The highlight of these ceremonial occasions was the erecting of the djed pillar, symbolise the resurrection of Osiris.

Valley of the Queens

Entrance to the Valley of the Queens

This was the purple necropolis of the New Kingdom (1550–1070  B.C.E.),  located southwest of Medinet Habu on the western prop of the Nile  at  Thebes. The  site  was  called  Ta-set-neferu,  “the Direct of the Royal Children,” in the ancient periods and is now called Biban el-Harim, “the Doors of the Women,” or Biban el-Melikat, “the Doors of the Daughters,” in Arabic.  The  queens,  princes,  and  princesses  of  the  New Kingdom were buried here. The necropolis is considered to contain 70 tombs. Located in an arid wadi, the site was got  first  on  the  south  hill  and  then  on  the northwest side.

The about famous tomb of the Valley of the Queens was constructed for Queen Nefertari- Merymut, the Great Wife of  Ramses II (r. 1290–1224  B.C.E.).  This  site  has columned  chambers,  stairs,  ramps,  and  an  offering  hall with shelves and a sepulture chamber with four pillars and three  annexes.  Elaborately  decorated  with  polychrome reliefs, the tomb pictures Queen Nefertari-Merymut in the regular  funerary settings  but  also  portrays  her  in  everyday scenes of mortal life. The Bennu (phoenix) and the Aker lions  are  as well  exposed.  “The  Great  Wives”  of  the  New Kingdom all have tombs in this necropolis.

The  tombs  of  the  royal  sons  of  the  New  Kingdom Period include the resting place of Amenhirkhopshef (1), the son of King Ramses III (r. 1194–1163 B.C.E.). This tomb has a rage, three chambers, and two wings, all painted with scenes  and  cultic  symbols.  A  vestibule  was  part  of the design. The tomb of Kha’Emweset (2), another prince of the dynasty and likewise a son of Ramses III, is in the Valley of the Queens as well. This is designed with three chambers, two  extensions,  and  a  ramp.  The  walls  are  treated  with painted eases. Some officials of the Eighteenth Dynasty (1550–1307 B.C.E.) were given the honor of having small pit tombs in the  Valley  of  the  Queens.  Other  princesses  and  princes were likewise provided with similar pit tombs.

List of the Tombs of Valley of the Queens:

QV8 Hori [ disambiguation needed ] and a King's Daughter

QV17 Merytre and Wermeryotes

QV30[3] Nebiri

QV31[3] Anonymous

QV33[3] Tanedjemet

QV34 Anonymous

QV36[3] Anonymous

QV38[3] Sitre

QV40[3] Anonymous

QV42[3] Pareherwenemef

QV43[3] Seth-her-khopsef

QV44[3] Khaemwaset

QV46[3] Imhotep

QV47[3] Ahmose

QV51[3] Iset Ta-Hemdjert

QV52[3] Tyti

QV53[3] Ramses Meryamen

QV55[3] Amun-her-khepeshef

QV58 Anonymous

QV60[3] Nebettawy

QV66[3] Nefertari

QV68[3] Meritamun

QV70 Nehesy

QV71[3] Bintanath

QV72 Neferhat / Baki

QV73[3] Henuttawy

QV74[3] (Dua)Tentopet

QV75[3] Henutmire

QV76 Merytre

QV80 Queen (Mut-)Tuy

QV81 Heka[...]

QV82 Minemhat and Amenhotep

QV88 Ahmose

Tombs of the Nobles in Luxor

The Valley of the Nobles

Nobles' tombs are discovered at a variety of sites throughout Egypt but none are better saved than those on the West Bank. While the pharaoh's tombs were secret away in the Valley of the Kings and dug deep into the valley rock, those of the most essential nobles were ostentatiously built at surface level overlooking the temples of Luxor and Karnak crosswise the river. Their shrines were highly decorated but the poor excellent limestone made sliced reliefs bitter so the façades were finished on smear. Freed from the restricted subject matter of the royal tombs, the artists and craftsmen dedicated less space to rituals from the Books and more to histrionics of daily life and their impressions of the afterlife. Because, unlike the royal tombs, they were discovered to the elements many of the nobles' shrines have deteriorated badly over time. Although some were subsequently used as store rooms and even fitting, others are still in comparatively good condition and give a clear impression of how they must originally have looked. They are precious visiting for their wealth of jargon paintings - quite as worrying as the formal sculptures of the great tombs of the Kings and Queens.

The number of graves open to the public alters from time to time so it is difficult to get any kind of definitive list. The following list, therefore, is only intended as a rough guide and does not include all tombs, and some may even be closed at the time of writing this article.

Tickets for the Tombs of the Nobles are traded in sets of between 2 and 4 but tickets for the tombs in the Valley of the Kings and the Valley of the Queens are sold in sets of three - apart from the tomb of Tutankhamun which required a obscure tickets. As each of the tombs are visited the guide will tear off a corner of the ticket. In the Deir el Medina a ticket gives entrance to two of the open tombs but the tomb of Pashedu needs a obscure ticket.. 

Any up-to-date information worrying the handiness of visiting any of the tombs would be appreciated. 

List of the Nobles's Tombs:

Khonsu (TT 31) at Sheikh abd-el-Qurna   

Userhat (Neferhabef) (TT 51) at Sheikh abd-el-Qurna

Nakht (TT 52) at Sheikh abd-el-Qurna

Ramose (TT 55) at Sheikh abd-el-Qurna

Khaemhat (TT 57) at Sheikh abd-el-Qurna

Menna (TT 69) at Sheikh abd-el-Qurna

Sennefer (TT 96) at Sheikh abd-el-Qurna

Rekhmire (TT 100) at Sheikh abd-el-Qurna

Benia(Pahekamun) (TT 343) at Sheikh abd-el-Qurna

Pashedu at Deir el Medina

Senedjem at Deir el Medina

Inherkhau at Deir el Medina
           
May be open

Roy/ShuRoy

Neferenpet

Dhutmosis

Shamut

Luxor Museum

Placed on the Corniche between LuxorTemple and Karnak, the Luxor Museum houses an outstanding collection of artifacts and statues got in archeological sites in and around Luxor. Highlights take the gilded head of Hathor from Tutankhamun's tomb, a larger pink granite head of Amenhotep III, and rest scenes of Akhenaten and QueenNefertiti. Open daily, time schedule changes.

Inside Luxor Museum

Statues in Luxor Museum

The Luxor Museum is surprisingly entertaining. Displays of pottery, jewelry, article of furniture, statues and stelae were created  by the Brooklyn Museum of New York.  They include a cautiously selected  variety of items from the Theban temples and necropolis.

There are a  number of exhibits from Tutankhamun, including a cow-goddess head from  his tomb on the first floor and his funerary boats on the second floor.  However, some of the real attractions include a statue of Tuthmosis III  (circa 1436 BC) on the first floor, and 283 sandstone blocks set as  a wall from the ninth pylon of the Karnak Temple. The hours for the  Museum are from (9 am to 1 PM) and last from (4 PM to 9 PM). in the winter.  Afternoon hours in the summer are from (5 PM to 10 PM).