Pharaoh Khasekhemwy

The fifth Pharaoh of the second Dynasty was probably responsible the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. Not much is cognised about him, save the fact that he attempted monumental military campaigns. A statue of him which domiciles in the Cairo Museum, attests the first use of hard stone work on this period. He is responsible for the building of a large granite door jamb inside the temple of Hierakonpolis, and for the constructing of many of the mortuary composites at both Abydos and Saqqarah.

The greatest figure from the 2nd dynasty and believably the whole Early Dynastic Time, was pharaoh Khasekhemwy. He actually should have the title "Unifier of the 2 countries".

After gaining the conflict against the North that had began on the reign of his predecessor. He decided Hierakonpolis in the far southland to be his capital and it was the above all time the united Egypt was reigned from there. It took some attempt to win the war and inscriptions from granite watercrafts ascertained in his capital tells about his conflicts with the North, accounted as "rebels".

Being diplomatic he didn't favor any of the primary gods Horus and Set when the military conflict was over. He merely put them both atop of his serek, thereby desiring to make peace and arrange to the country. He as well changed his name assigning to it an extra -WY making it tell - "The Two Powers Come Forward", rather than individual one (Set) that he had before. In aftermath he also put a different commander's staff to his serek thereby attaining his new political view obvious.

He besides made a military campaign in to Egypt Nubia and acquired a new title: "superintendent of the foreign lands" that shows his concern to keep contact afield. His names has thus been discovered the whole way up to Byblos men in Syria. His tomb a little apart the others in Abydos is a singular construction dissimilar any of the earlier memorials there. The design is a fairly (diplomatic) assortment between the northern manner mastaba-tombs and the traditional square constructions from the south. On top of completely he localized it on "neutral" ground some 100 meters away the old cemetery. He besides kept the custom from most of the earlier pharaohs by making an enclosing 1,8 km toward the Nile from his tomb, credibly for rites of his mortal cult.

The size was far greater then his predecessors: sixty-nine m in length and 10-17 m wide attained of surrounds a good two m high. When it was dug in 1900 it still contained 6 implements such chisels and woodcutting creatures made of copper. In the midst was the grave chamber constitutional stone, the first of its form. The ability to handle this material was shown for the first time in Egyptian history by the statues of Khasekhemwy that have endured from a find in Hierakonpolis. If they are portraitures more than idols images, the king appears to be a man with a ascertained look in his face, and a firm head, and this appears to have been the features of the king.

The most strikingly rest from him is the huge constructing he made at the capital Hierakonpolis. On the westerly side of the River Nile a bit into the desert lies the oldest recognized monumental constructing of sun-dried bricks in Egypt.

It is the supposed Fortress with its gigantic construction. The purpose of it is fairly arguable and varies from a fort to protect the capital from foemen to a ceremonial inclosure for dissimilar rituals connected to idolising of gods or morgue cults the dead pharaohs. The measures are around 67 by 57 meters and while in a state of ruin - the monumental walls are of attributes not found in Egypt ever since - 5 metres thick and still today abiding up to eleven metres high.

The most singular remain believed to be his is the very large rectangular enclosing at West Saqqarah and today called Gisr el-Mudir. Excavated in some localizes on the 1990s it turned out to accommodate a rock cut wall. In some positions the height was 4,5 meters in 15 cores and the base width of 15 meters proposes a much bigger height when it was completed. The building measures around 600 x 340 meters with an becharm from the south side. There is no decipher of any constructions within the walls which are built with aligns of hewn rocks and a core made of rubble and sand. This filling has broke rests from dynasty 2, maybe indicating that the constructing is older than Djoser's Step Pyramid nearby. The primary of the excavaitin appraisals the age to be from the middle to the late 2nd dynasty. Gisr el-Mudir has a closing resemblance to his ceremonial region present at Abydos, but this was constructed of mud bricks.

The association to Djoser has been shown by determinations outside the door of Khasekhemwy's tomb at Abydos where administers of seals with Djosers name came to hand in the 1990s, excavated by German archaeologists. This is a accented indication that he attended of the funeral of Khasekhemwy and was his (believably immediate) heir.

Khasekhemwy's endowed politics made the different divisions of society brandish and his work was a landmark in the developing of Egyptian history. He posed the ground to the golden days that were to arrive, and the coming coevalses were in big debt to him for their wealth. It is conceivable, but not certain, that Djoser (his son or step son) absorbed office and began a new chapter in the history of human race by making a new typecast of grave memorials later to be called - the Pyramids.

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Pharaoh Neferkare

There are no contemporary memorials from the Pharaoh Neferkare. Many rulers have had this name and the sound components building up the name are really common. Archaeologists know him just from the 2 king lists from Áaka's tomb at Saqqara and the dedication in the papyrus from Turin called the Royal Canon of Turin. In the 3rd list of substance - the Abydos king list from a wall in the temple of pharaoh Seti I from the nineteenth dynasty, he does not subsist and nor does his immediate heir. This temple is from 1200 years afterward the 2nd dynasty and so are the additional two lists. If the deletion of him and his heir has to do with a custom in Abydos (with hostility to the northern Memphis region during the 2nd dynasty) we do not know.

In both the Saqqara and Turin lists he has the location between Sened and Neferkaseker and in Manteho's list he is in as is place under the Greek-formed call Nepherkheres.

At the close of the Old Kingdom about dynasty 6 his name comes to light on many rulers. This appearances that he and extra more or less nameless kings from the same time, was far from blanked out by the generations that abide by them. Picture at top right appearances the cartouche with Neferkare's name as it looks in the Sakkara list. It arrests the signs KA with the aroused arms (intending soul) and Nefer (a sign maybe showing a belly and a windpipe) intending beautiful and the sun (or really solar god) Re.

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Pepi II

Pepi II of the 6th Dynasty [2300-2181 B.C.]. Last well-attested pharaoh of the Old Kingdom, with an exceptionally long rule estimated diversely between sixty and 90 years. A long reign appears confirmed by attest that the king was a child once he came to the throne: there are pictures of the king as a child, including a well-known figurine demoing him on the lap of his mother. The throne-name Neferkare was applied by other kings later in Egyptian history: hence references to the throne-name alone can just be dated to this rule if there is certification (for example, when an aim inscribed with the name is lately Old Kingdom type).

Pepi II as a boy

The 5th king of the 6th Dynasty was the son of King Pepi I and Queen Ankhnesmeryre II. This heir of Nemtyemzaf was only 6 years old when he concerned the throne. His mother assisted as his regent. Since a child Pepi encountered word that a dwarf had been appropriated. Pepi sent detailed directions on the care of the dwarf , including a anticipate of a reward to the official that brought the dwarf safely to him. The letter accented the importance of twenty-four hour care to hold the dwarf safe from harm. Pepi based trading despatches to Punt and Nubia. Reportedly, Pepi reigned Egypt for ninety-four years. His married woman* were Queens Nit, Wedjebten, Ankhnespepi and Ipuit. His pyramid was constructed in Sakkara.

King Pepi II was the son of King Pepi I and Ankhenesmerire I. He was the stepbrother of his predecessor, Merenre I. He was got married to Neith, his stepsister and to Iput II, a daughter of his brother. He was besides married to a woman called Udjbeten. His heir, Merenre II, is maybe the son Pepi II had with Neith.

When his stepbrother died, evidently without any male heirs, Pepi II was yet a child. Agreeing to the Turin King-list, he reigned for over ninety years, which looks to be affirmed by Manetho, who recorded ninety-four years. This would cause Pepi II the longest reigning king of Ancient Egypt. Some doubt has yet been caducous on this high number, and some researchers think that it was the consequence of a miss-reading of sixty-four.

The existent power primitively of his reign was accommodated by his mother and her brother, Djau. An alabaster statue demoes Ankhenesmerire I with the young but purple Pepi II on her lap, passably evocative of Isis with the young Horus. Another statue, demoes Pepi II as a naked kid.

Pepi II's long rule is branded by a gradual decline of the exchange government. His predecessors' policy to attempt and consolidate the attitude of the king was beginning to fail, and this would become more conspicuous after Pepi II's death. It is frequently thought that the cause of this was the long rule of Pepi II: the aging king was no longer capable to rule himself, which would have expanded the power of his central disposal and of the provincial governors. On the other hand, it must be marked that Pepi's funerary memorial was constructed and decorated in a often poorer way than his predecessors', which may argue a decline in welfare generally during his rule. This decline is likely to have been the result of the lower annual alluvion of the Nile: with a bluer annual alluvion, crops and crops were no more abundant and agriculture, the backbone of Egyptian economy, started to decay.

Pepi II's foreign policy also is marked by some troubles. In the starting of his reign, a pygmy bestowed by the governor of Elephantine, could delectation the young king. Later, many expedition leaders would find their deaths though campaigning in Nubia. The commercial kinship with Byblos appear to have carried on, but many other commercial kinships with foreign countries were chipped.

Pepi II constructed his funerary complex in Sakkara South, near the monument of Shepseskaf of the fourth Dynasty, at a kilometre length from his father's and brother's. His 3 wives were buried in littler pyramids following to his own.

The 5th king of the sixth Dynasty was the son of King Pepi I and Queen Ankhnesmeryre II. This heir of Nemtyemzaf was just six years old when he concerned the throne. His mother assisted as his regent. As a child Pepi accepted word that a dwarf had been appropriated.

Pepi sent elaborate instructions on the care of the dwarf, including a anticipate of a reward to the prescribed that bestowed the dwarf safely to him. The letter accented the importance of twenty-four hour care to hold on the dwarf safe from damage.

Pepi based trading expeditions to Punt and Nubia. Reportedly, Pepi reigned Egypt for ninety-four years. His married woman were Queens Nit, Wedjebten, Ankhnespepi and Ipuit. His pyramid was constructed in Sakkara

King Pepi II carried on foreign relations of his predecessors and asseverated diplomatic and commercial coitions with Byblos in Syria. Campaigns of "pacification" entered Nubia and he as well continued the long accomplished mining practices in Sinai and elsewhere.

He had a act of queens, most of them related him, and one of his boys, Merenre II, who may have came through him, maybe for just one year.

His pyramid and mortuary composite was constructed at South Saqqara and the pyramid's call was [The Established and Living Pyramid].

It was constructed and decorated in a often poorer mode then his predecessors and power and wealth of eminent officials banquet all over Egypt dragging hold away from the capital Memphis. Disposal of the country became hard and he appointive one vizier to each one for Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt to regain hold, but vainly.

On his exceptionally long rule (ninety-four years according to Manetho and sixty-four by some scholars) foreign relations such military expeditions into Nubia, debilitated the state treasury and some foreign relations were even broken away. The central disposal for taxation was brushed off by governors approximately the country and towards the end of his rule, the authorities of Egypt simply broke up.

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