Just fter 671 BC on, Memphis and the Delta area got the target of many attacks from the Assyrians, who expelled the Nubians and handed over power to node kings of the Dynasty 26. Psamtik I was the first to be established as the king of the full of Egypt, and he brought increased stability to the country during a 54-year reign from the new capital of Sais. Four successive Saite kings continued taking Egypt successfully and peacefully from 610-526 BC, holding the Babylonians away with the help of Greek mercenaries. By the end of this period a new power was growing in the Near East: Persia. The pharaoh Psamtik III had to present the might of Persia at Pelusium; he was defeated and briefly escaped to Memphis, but ultimately was captured and then executed.
Persian domination:
Achaemenid Egypt can be broken into 3 eras: the first period of Persian military control when Egypt became a satrapy, followed by an separation of independency, and the second and last period of occupation. The Persian king Cambyses assumed the formal title of Pharaoh, called himself Mesuti-Re ("Re has given birth"), and sacrificed to the Egyptian gods. He established the dynasty 27. Egypt was then joined with Cyprus and Phoenicia in the sixth satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire. Cambyses' heirs Darius I the Great and Xerxes followed a similar policy, visited the country, and warded off an Athenian approach. It is likely that Artaxerxes I and Darius II visited the country as well, although it is not attested in our sources, and did not prevent the Egyptians from feeling unhappy. During the war of sequence after the reign of Darius II, which broke out in 404, they revolted under Amyrtaeus and found their independence. This unique ruler of the dynasty 28 died in 399, and power went to the Twenty-ninth dynasty. The Thirtieth Dynasty was showed in 380 BC and lasted until 343 BC. Nectanebo II was the last native king to rule Egypt. Artaxerxes III (358–338 BC) reconquered the Nile valley for a short period (343–332 BC). In 332 BC Mazaces passed over the country to Alexander the Great without a fight. The Achaemenid Empire had ended, and for a while Egypt was a satrapy in Alexander's empire. Later the Ptolemies and then the Romans successively ruled the Nile valley.
Ptolemaic dynasty:
About 332 BC Alexander III of Macedon captured Egypt with little underground from the Persians. He was received by the Egyptians as a savior. He visited Memphis, and got on a pilgrimage to the oracle of Amun at the Oasis of Siwa. The oracle held him to be the son of Amun. He conciliated the Egyptians by the value which he showed for their faith, but he named Greeks to virtually all the senior puts up in the country, and founded a new Greek city, Alexandria, to be the new capital. The wealthiness of Egypt could now be harnessed for Alexander's conquest of the stay of the Persian Empire. Early in 331 BC he was ready to depart, and led his forces out to Phoenicia. He left Cleomenes as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt in his absence. Alexander never returned to Egypt. Following Alexander's dying in Babylon in 323 BC, a sequence crisis erupted among his generals. Initially, Perdiccas governed the empire as strong for Alexander's half brother Arrhidaeus, who became Philip III of Macedon, and then as strong for both Philip III and Alexander's baby son Alexander IV of Macedon, who had not been born at the time of his father's death. Perdiccas appointed Ptolemy, one of Alexander's best companions, to be satrap of Egypt. Ptolemy governed Egypt from 323 BC, nominally in the name of the corporate kings Philip III and Alexander IV. However, as Alexander the Great's empire disintegrated, Ptolemy soon established himself as ruler in his own right. Ptolemy successfully held Egypt against an intrusion by Perdiccas in 321 BC, and consolidated his position in Egypt and the surrounding areas during the Wars of the Diadochi (322 BC-301 BC). In 305 BC, Ptolemy took the title of King. As Ptolemy I Soter (Saviour), he established the Ptolemaic dynasty that was to rule Egypt for about 300 years.
The later Ptolemies assumed Egyptian customs by marrying their siblings, had themselves portrayed on public memorials in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian spiritual life. Hellenistic culture expanded in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest. The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were taken in foreign and civil warfares that led to the disdain of the kingdom and its appropriation by Rome.
Persian domination:
Achaemenid Egypt can be broken into 3 eras: the first period of Persian military control when Egypt became a satrapy, followed by an separation of independency, and the second and last period of occupation. The Persian king Cambyses assumed the formal title of Pharaoh, called himself Mesuti-Re ("Re has given birth"), and sacrificed to the Egyptian gods. He established the dynasty 27. Egypt was then joined with Cyprus and Phoenicia in the sixth satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire. Cambyses' heirs Darius I the Great and Xerxes followed a similar policy, visited the country, and warded off an Athenian approach. It is likely that Artaxerxes I and Darius II visited the country as well, although it is not attested in our sources, and did not prevent the Egyptians from feeling unhappy. During the war of sequence after the reign of Darius II, which broke out in 404, they revolted under Amyrtaeus and found their independence. This unique ruler of the dynasty 28 died in 399, and power went to the Twenty-ninth dynasty. The Thirtieth Dynasty was showed in 380 BC and lasted until 343 BC. Nectanebo II was the last native king to rule Egypt. Artaxerxes III (358–338 BC) reconquered the Nile valley for a short period (343–332 BC). In 332 BC Mazaces passed over the country to Alexander the Great without a fight. The Achaemenid Empire had ended, and for a while Egypt was a satrapy in Alexander's empire. Later the Ptolemies and then the Romans successively ruled the Nile valley.
Ptolemaic dynasty:
About 332 BC Alexander III of Macedon captured Egypt with little underground from the Persians. He was received by the Egyptians as a savior. He visited Memphis, and got on a pilgrimage to the oracle of Amun at the Oasis of Siwa. The oracle held him to be the son of Amun. He conciliated the Egyptians by the value which he showed for their faith, but he named Greeks to virtually all the senior puts up in the country, and founded a new Greek city, Alexandria, to be the new capital. The wealthiness of Egypt could now be harnessed for Alexander's conquest of the stay of the Persian Empire. Early in 331 BC he was ready to depart, and led his forces out to Phoenicia. He left Cleomenes as the ruling nomarch to control Egypt in his absence. Alexander never returned to Egypt. Following Alexander's dying in Babylon in 323 BC, a sequence crisis erupted among his generals. Initially, Perdiccas governed the empire as strong for Alexander's half brother Arrhidaeus, who became Philip III of Macedon, and then as strong for both Philip III and Alexander's baby son Alexander IV of Macedon, who had not been born at the time of his father's death. Perdiccas appointed Ptolemy, one of Alexander's best companions, to be satrap of Egypt. Ptolemy governed Egypt from 323 BC, nominally in the name of the corporate kings Philip III and Alexander IV. However, as Alexander the Great's empire disintegrated, Ptolemy soon established himself as ruler in his own right. Ptolemy successfully held Egypt against an intrusion by Perdiccas in 321 BC, and consolidated his position in Egypt and the surrounding areas during the Wars of the Diadochi (322 BC-301 BC). In 305 BC, Ptolemy took the title of King. As Ptolemy I Soter (Saviour), he established the Ptolemaic dynasty that was to rule Egypt for about 300 years.
The later Ptolemies assumed Egyptian customs by marrying their siblings, had themselves portrayed on public memorials in Egyptian style and dress, and participated in Egyptian spiritual life. Hellenistic culture expanded in Egypt well after the Muslim conquest. The Ptolemies had to fight native rebellions and were taken in foreign and civil warfares that led to the disdain of the kingdom and its appropriation by Rome.