Famous Pharaohs

List of Hieroglyphic Signs

Wallis Budge (E. A.), First Steps in Egyptian, a Book for Beginners, London, 1895

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Hieroglyphs letters are pictographic markings that the ancient Egyptians used as composed language. Hieroglyphs were typically didst in vertical columns and horizontal rows that are commonly read from right to left. Reading hieroglyphs proved impossible for modern archaeologists until nineteenth-century French linguist and historian Jean-François Champollion made that, in addition to been the objective pictured, a hieroglyph could present a sound made while naming such an object. Complicating matters, one hieroglyph might be practiced in more than one way. For example, a disk symbolisation might symbolise not just an objective, the sun, but a conception, the sun god, and a sound "ra".

The first hieroglyphs appeared on mud seals used to mark 1st dynasty tombs with their owners’ names, but before long hieroglyphs were appearing elsewhere as well. Hieroglyphic texts could be painted on rock, stucco, wood, metal, or other surfaces, but they were most often entered on stelae and tomb and temple walls. In fact, they were so strongly linked with these religious constructions that the Greeks named them hieros glypho, or “sacred carved,” from which the popular word hieroglyph is deducted. (The ancient Egyptian phrase for hieroglyphics was medw netjer, or “the gods’ words.”) Hieroglyphs might likewise be marked on papyri, but more typically a inscribed form of hieroglyphs, known as hieratic script or hieratics, was practiced for such documents.

Bibliography:

Wallis Budge (E. A.), First Steps in Egyptian, a Book for Beginners, London, 1895
Gardiner (A.), Egyptian Grammar, being an introduction to the study of hieroglyphs, Oxford, 1957

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Eleventh Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Dated: Eleventh Dynasty (at Thebes) (2134–2040 B.C.E.)

King List of Eleventh Dynasty:

Montuhotep I (?–2134)
Inyotef I (Sehertawy) (2134–2118)
Inyotef II (Wah’ankh) (2118–2069)
Inyotef III (Nakhtnebtepnufer) (2069–2061)

Inyotef III

Hieroglyphic Name:

Inyotef III Hieroglyphic Name

Name: Inyotef or Intef and Nakhtnebtepnufer

Inyotef III (Nakhtnebtepnufer) (died about 2061 B.C.E.) Third rule of the Theban Eleventh Dynasty He ruled from 2069 B.C.E. until his death. Inyotef III was the father of Montuhotep II, the unifier of Egypt. Militarily active, Inyotef III pushed the Theban world to Assiut. He as well held Abydos and different Upper Egyptian cities from northern violations. A armistice with Hierakonpolis took a period of calm to the region. Visited Inyotef the Great, his name was engraved on the walls of Gebel El-Silsileh. His queen was Aoh (or Yah), the mother of Montuhotep II. His secondary queen was Henite. King Inyotef III was older when he assumed the Theban throne. He was the son of Inyotef II and Queen Neferukhayet. He was forgotten in Dar-Au-El-Naga, Saff el-Bagar, and is showed in reliefs near Aswan. Inyotef III is leaned in the turin canon List.

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Inyotef II

Hieroglyphic Name:

Inyotef II Hieroglyphic Name

Name: Inyotef II or Intef II and Wahankh Inyotef

Stella of Inyotef II

Inyotef II (2118-2069), likewise named Wahankh Inyotef , 3rd king of the 11th dynasty (2081-1938 bce) in ancient Egypt, who during his long reign successfully warred against the friends of the Heracleopolitansrulers of Middle and Lower Egypt writing the 9th and 10th dynasties (see ancient Egypt: The First Intermediate period).

In 2065 bce, Inyotef II succeeded his father, who had been a powerful nomarch of Thebes, and gathered the five south nomes (administrative districts) of Upper Egypt under his leadership. Inyotef II went his reign with a driving thrust northwest; his tomb inscription suggests that he extended his kingdom by seduction, thus acquiring one very serious area Abydos, in the Thinite nome, the chief religious centre (sacred to Osiris) of the Middle Kingdom and the home of the earlier kings of a united Egypt. After a made reign of 50 years, Inyotef was sank in a tomb in westerly Thebes. Inyotefs funerary temple there takes a stela rendering him with five of his favourite tags.

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Inyotef I

Hieroglyphic Name:

King Inyotef I Hieroglyphic Name

Name: Inyotef I or Intef I and Sehertawy

The serekh of King
Inyotef I

Inyotef I or Sehertawy (died about 2118 B.C.E.) was the founder of the 11th Dynasty Called the Elder. He prevailed from 2134 B.C.E. until his death. King Inyotef I was the son of Montuhotep I, genetic military problems in a time of unrest. With his capital at Thebes, Inyotef I leaded off to attack engaged nomes and the cities of koptos, dendereh, and Herakleopolis, the properties of competition clans. Uniting the nomes of Upper Egypt, he persisted clear of the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties, contemporaries that held particular realms in the north. Inyotef I was sank at Dar-Abu El-Naga, Saff el-Dawaba, in Thebes. His mortuary craze was conducted by his replacements.

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Montuhotep I

Hieroglyphic Name:

Montuhotep I Hieroglyphic Name

Part of a statue of Mentuhotep

Montuhotep I (unknown -2134) was a noble (of Thebes), 10th/11th Dynasties, First Intermediate Period, c. 2130 BC. The son of the first Inyotef to be experienced as nomarch of the Theban region, Montuhotep was granted as the antecedent of the Eleventh Dynasty and was named The Horus Tepyaa, (The Ancestor) and the Father of the Gods. Montuhoteps son, besides Inyotef (I), proclaimed himself Power of Egypt, though at the meter the Herakleopolite kings were still ruling.

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Tenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Tenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt dated about (Unknown–2040 B.C.E.)

The kins list of the 10th dynasty:

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Khui

Hieroglyphic Name:

Khui Hieroglyphic Name

King Khui is a figure that only has been old for once and it's in connective with quite an object for an instable period same this. He established (or at least got) a big pyramid at the otherwise unknown site of Dara based 30 km north of Asyut in Middle Egypt. It was first investigated in the years some 1950 by the Frenchman Weill.

At first its expression made it supposed whether it was a pyramid or a stepped mastaba, because the mud brick super structure had easy sides and was developed in steps. The plan was about direct though, with a base side of telling 130 metres, making it truly a great pyramid just about the size of king Djoser's. An individual architectural detail was got - the expression had assailed corners, a rare characteristic in the Egyptian innovation of tombs and buildings in general. Today (2002) the condition is in a ruined state and it's hard to say whether it was gone after once being finished, or if it was finished at all. The outer walls today reach about four metres above the close desert and more probes are involved to get a grip of this unusual monument. A writing of its plan is read below. When the essential chamber was recorded nothing at all discovered in it. What makes Khui to be the thought builder is an inscription on a block of stone that mayhap once was a part of the pyramid. It was found in a tomb just to the south and had an offering scene in relief etched in to it, plus his address written inside a cartouche. This is up to now (year 2002) the only prove effective that a ruler bearing that name has ever existed.

The entrance corridor at the north side is at first crosswise and open and then goes a descending vaulted tunnel ending at a individual burial chamber at a straight of about 9 times below ground surface. It is lined with some hewn limestone, credibly taken from dynasty 6 tombs in the vicinity. The outer social system on the other hand, is made purely of muck bricks and the leaning sides are still open. The material making the secret core of the monument was plainly just filling of beat and sand arguing that the owner, disdain the great size of his tomb, was a ruler of special means.

What seems have been a mortuary temple has also been found, but its general plan can't be set. It consists of the outside part of massive mud brick masonry with a distance of about 35 ms. Khui may have been a localized ruler and the site is placed center between the two centers at the time - Herakleopolis in the northwest and Thebes in the southern.

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Wahkare Akhtoy

Wahkare Akhtoy was a King from the 10th dynasty, First Intermediate Period, (about 2075 BC). Wahkare Akhtoy III was a long time powerful king at a time of uneasiness and rebellious in Egypt. He seems to have taken with the Asiatics who were infiltrating the Delta and determined new colonies of Egyptians in the north-east of the country. The south continued to be hard also; with his ally Tefibi, Akhtoy laid ware the ancient site of This and, mistakenly as he held, permitted his troops to prize the tombs of the ancestors. The engagement is read in the autobiography of Ankhtify in his tomb at El-Moalla.

He is credited as the author of the Commands to his son and successor Merikare, which are amongst the most noted and frequently regurgitated of the literary works of the Heracleopolitan point.

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Meri-Hathor

Hieroglyphic Name:

Meri-Hathor Hieroglyphic Name

King Meri-Hathor is not found in Abydos King List or in Turin papyri King List. His burial place stranger, uut the name of Mery (Hathor) is known only from a severely damaged walls of tombs and temples in Middle Egypt.

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Merikare

Hieroglyphic Name :

Merikare Hieroglyphic Name

Name: Merikare, Merykare and Merykara

Merikare (likewise Merykare and Merykara) was an ancient Egyptian king of the 10th Dynasty who was towards the end of the First Intermediate Period. His name cannot be established in the Turin King List; besides his dates are shifting.

Checking to many scholars, he dominated at the end of the 10th Dynasty following his father's long reign in his middle-age. The identity of his predecessor (the so-called "Khety III" who was the proposed author of the Teaching for King Merikare) is yet a motion of argue among Egyptologists. Some scholars tend to name Merikare's herald with Wahkare Khety. These sebayt ("precepts", in ancient Egyptian) possibly composed under the rule of Merikare himself and fictitiously ascribed to his father are a collection of teachings for good governance. The text also quotations the eastern borders, recently secured but still in demand of the king's care. In the text, Merikare's unnamed father references having made Thinis, but he proposes Merikare to deal more leniently with the troublesome Upper Egyptian lands.

Once crowned, about 2075 BCE, Merikare wisely submitted himself to the universe of two separate kingdoms (the Herakleopolite and the Theban ones) and tried to keep the policy of passive coexistence achieved by his father. It appears that the period of peace taken a certain sum of prosperity to Merikare's realm. Some time later, the king himself was special to sail up the Nile with his court on a great fleet. Once he given Asyut, the king put in the loyalist nomarch Khety II, who delivered the goods his passed father Tefibi; he likewise made renovations at the local temple of Wepwawet. After that, Merikare advanced farther upriver to the town of Shashotep, likely to squelch a revolt, and at the same time as a present of force to the disruptive southern border arenas.

Merikare died in c. 2040 BCE, a few months before the fall of Herakleopolis. Thus, the final frustration by the Thebans, led by Mentuhotep II of the eleventh Dynasty, was likely brought down upon an ephemeral, unnamed heir.

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Nebkaure Akhtoy

Hieroglyphic Name:

Nebkaure Akhtoy Hieroglyphic Name

Piece of a Jasper with
the Cartouche of
Nebkaure Khety from

Nebkaure Khety was an ancient Egyptian pharaoh of the ninth or tenth Dynasty, through the First Intermediate Period. Practically nothing is experienced about the cases of Nebkaure's reign; due to the several views of scholars, even its datation is still difficult. Many egyptologists specify Nebkaure to the 9th Dynasty, maybe the fourth king (and the second king having the name Khety), just afterward Neferkare. On the otherwise hand, other scholars such as Jrgen von Beckerath believe instead that Nebkaure prevailed during the incidental 10th Dynasty, perchance before Meryibre Khety.

Like some of the kings who foregone or succeeded him, attestations of King Nebkaure Khety are low. On the Turin King List he was tentatively set in the register 4.21. The only latest object taking his cartouche is a weight named from red jasper which was unearthed by Flinders Petrie at Tell el-Retabah, a positioning along the Wadi Tumilat in the eastern Delta; this weight is now showed at the Petrie Museum in London.

Related Posts:

List of Hieroglyphic Signs

Hieroglyphic Language

Eleventh Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Inyotef III

Inyotef II

Inyotef I

Montuhotep I

Tenth Dynasty of Ancient Egypt

Khui

Wahkare Akhtoy

Meri-Hathor

Merikare

Nebkaure Akhtoy

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