Djedefre

Djedefre or Radjedef was the 3rd king of the fourth Dynasty of ancient Egyptian rulers and reigned the country from 2528 BC till 2520 BC. He was the son of Khufu from one of his lesser married woman, and killed his brother, Prince Kewab, who was the lawful heir to the enthrone. He married Hetepheres , who was the widow of his murdered brother. His main wife was Kentetenka. His pyramid was found at Abu Rowash in the City of Giza.

Kheops was followed by Djedefre, his oldest enduring son. The mother of Djedefre is obscure.

He married his half-sister Hetepheres II, which might have been to legalise his claims to the enthrone if his mother was among Kheops’ lesser wives. He as well had different wive, Khentet-en-ka with whom he had (at any rate) three sons, Setka, Baka and Hernet and one daughter, Neferhetepes.

The Turin King-list accredits him with a rule of eight years, but the highest acknowledged year cited to during this rule was the year of the eleventh cattle count. This would mean that Djedefre reigned for leastwise eleven years, if the cattle counts were anual, or twenty-one years if the cattle counts were biennal.

He was the first king to apply the title "Son of Ra" as division of his titular which is seen as an indicant of the arising popularity of the cult of the solar god Ra.

He carried on the move north by building his bare pyramid at Abu Rawash, some 8 kilometer northward of Giza. It is the northern most division of the Memphite necropolis.

Radjedef was the 3rd king of the fourth Dynasty and reigned the country from 2528 BC till 2520 BC. He was the son of Khufu from among his lesser wives, and belted down his own brother, Prince Kewab, who was the lawful heir to the throne. He married Hetepheres , who was the widow of his dispatched brother. His main wife was Kentetenka. His pyramid was attained at Abu Rowash in Giza.

Khufu was followed by his oldest son Djedefre. He married his stepsister Hetepheres II, believably to get a claim to the enthrone since his mother was one of his father's secondary wives whose name isn't cognised.

Beside his half-sister Djedefre as well had additional wives, and with one of them, Khentet-en-ka, he had leastwise 3 sons, Setka, Baka and Hernet and one daughter (Neferhetepes).

The Turin King-list accredits him with a rule of eight years which is in line with the appraisals made by the Egyptologists now.

Radjedef was the first king to use the entitle "Son of Ra" among his others, which is ascertained as an indicant of the arising popularity of the cult of the solar deity Ra from Heliopolis. This god had came about in a king's call already in the 2nd dynasty (Nebre/Reneb).

He moved north to construct his pyramid, to Abu Rawash, some 8 kilometer to the north of Giza, and the reason can be that there was no suitable region left at the site. He named it "The pyramid is a Sehedu-star". The tomb was bare when he died and today its foundation is dug out to get excessiveness for visitors.

The pyramid area was confined by a wall and at the NW corner a littler satellite pyramid was constructed, credibly for the king's first queen.

The work stopped when almost 20 courses were in place, and some encasing of granite is allay on the spot. What sort of pyramid it was conjectural to be isn't clear and the constructed angle got by putting casing blocks i localize says that it was far steeper than the pyramids at Giza. One theory is that he had a step pyramid in mind, or a mastaba. Approximations of the height hence varies from fifty-seven to sixty-seven metres calculated by assist from the base side that's known by its length - 106 meter.

A causeway chairing down to the Nile, a debase of 1.700 meters, is going in the centering northeast by the monument ascribable the topography. It's still inviolate in some divisions and partly hewn out forthwith from the stone and arising 10-12 meters above the environs.

His mortuary temple position at the south side of the pyramid and was a structure of brick mayhap desolated when the king died, and not meant as a enshrine from the looks of it. At the side was a pit for a funeral boat just alike his father had at Giza. The inquiry why he actuated from Giza has been argued and one theory is that he came closer to Heliopolis on the other side of the Nile. A feud within the family about the succession has as well been arouse, but this hasn't been essayed in any way. Considering his face (if it's a portraiture) he has alike looks as his kid brother who became the next pharaoh.

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Khasekhemwy

Pharaoh Khasekhemwy

The fifth Pharaoh of the second Dynasty was probably responsible the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt. Not much is cognised about him, save the fact that he attempted monumental military campaigns. A statue of him which domiciles in the Cairo Museum, attests the first use of hard stone work on this period. He is responsible for the building of a large granite door jamb inside the temple of Hierakonpolis, and for the constructing of many of the mortuary composites at both Abydos and Saqqarah.

The greatest figure from the 2nd dynasty and believably the whole Early Dynastic Time, was pharaoh Khasekhemwy. He actually should have the title "Unifier of the 2 countries".

After gaining the conflict against the North that had began on the reign of his predecessor. He decided Hierakonpolis in the far southland to be his capital and it was the above all time the united Egypt was reigned from there. It took some attempt to win the war and inscriptions from granite watercrafts ascertained in his capital tells about his conflicts with the North, accounted as "rebels".

Being diplomatic he didn't favor any of the primary gods Horus and Set when the military conflict was over. He merely put them both atop of his serek, thereby desiring to make peace and arrange to the country. He as well changed his name assigning to it an extra -WY making it tell - "The Two Powers Come Forward", rather than individual one (Set) that he had before. In aftermath he also put a different commander's staff to his serek thereby attaining his new political view obvious.

He besides made a military campaign in to Egypt Nubia and acquired a new title: "superintendent of the foreign lands" that shows his concern to keep contact afield. His names has thus been discovered the whole way up to Byblos men in Syria. His tomb a little apart the others in Abydos is a singular construction dissimilar any of the earlier memorials there. The design is a fairly (diplomatic) assortment between the northern manner mastaba-tombs and the traditional square constructions from the south. On top of completely he localized it on "neutral" ground some 100 meters away the old cemetery. He besides kept the custom from most of the earlier pharaohs by making an enclosing 1,8 km toward the Nile from his tomb, credibly for rites of his mortal cult.

The size was far greater then his predecessors: sixty-nine m in length and 10-17 m wide attained of surrounds a good two m high. When it was dug in 1900 it still contained 6 implements such chisels and woodcutting creatures made of copper. In the midst was the grave chamber constitutional stone, the first of its form. The ability to handle this material was shown for the first time in Egyptian history by the statues of Khasekhemwy that have endured from a find in Hierakonpolis. If they are portraitures more than idols images, the king appears to be a man with a ascertained look in his face, and a firm head, and this appears to have been the features of the king.

The most strikingly rest from him is the huge constructing he made at the capital Hierakonpolis. On the westerly side of the River Nile a bit into the desert lies the oldest recognized monumental constructing of sun-dried bricks in Egypt.

It is the supposed Fortress with its gigantic construction. The purpose of it is fairly arguable and varies from a fort to protect the capital from foemen to a ceremonial inclosure for dissimilar rituals connected to idolising of gods or morgue cults the dead pharaohs. The measures are around 67 by 57 meters and while in a state of ruin - the monumental walls are of attributes not found in Egypt ever since - 5 metres thick and still today abiding up to eleven metres high.

The most singular remain believed to be his is the very large rectangular enclosing at West Saqqarah and today called Gisr el-Mudir. Excavated in some localizes on the 1990s it turned out to accommodate a rock cut wall. In some positions the height was 4,5 meters in 15 cores and the base width of 15 meters proposes a much bigger height when it was completed. The building measures around 600 x 340 meters with an becharm from the south side. There is no decipher of any constructions within the walls which are built with aligns of hewn rocks and a core made of rubble and sand. This filling has broke rests from dynasty 2, maybe indicating that the constructing is older than Djoser's Step Pyramid nearby. The primary of the excavaitin appraisals the age to be from the middle to the late 2nd dynasty. Gisr el-Mudir has a closing resemblance to his ceremonial region present at Abydos, but this was constructed of mud bricks.

The association to Djoser has been shown by determinations outside the door of Khasekhemwy's tomb at Abydos where administers of seals with Djosers name came to hand in the 1990s, excavated by German archaeologists. This is a accented indication that he attended of the funeral of Khasekhemwy and was his (believably immediate) heir.

Khasekhemwy's endowed politics made the different divisions of society brandish and his work was a landmark in the developing of Egyptian history. He posed the ground to the golden days that were to arrive, and the coming coevalses were in big debt to him for their wealth. It is conceivable, but not certain, that Djoser (his son or step son) absorbed office and began a new chapter in the history of human race by making a new typecast of grave memorials later to be called - the Pyramids.

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Pharaoh Neferkare

There are no contemporary memorials from the Pharaoh Neferkare. Many rulers have had this name and the sound components building up the name are really common. Archaeologists know him just from the 2 king lists from Áaka's tomb at Saqqara and the dedication in the papyrus from Turin called the Royal Canon of Turin. In the 3rd list of substance - the Abydos king list from a wall in the temple of pharaoh Seti I from the nineteenth dynasty, he does not subsist and nor does his immediate heir. This temple is from 1200 years afterward the 2nd dynasty and so are the additional two lists. If the deletion of him and his heir has to do with a custom in Abydos (with hostility to the northern Memphis region during the 2nd dynasty) we do not know.

In both the Saqqara and Turin lists he has the location between Sened and Neferkaseker and in Manteho's list he is in as is place under the Greek-formed call Nepherkheres.

At the close of the Old Kingdom about dynasty 6 his name comes to light on many rulers. This appearances that he and extra more or less nameless kings from the same time, was far from blanked out by the generations that abide by them. Picture at top right appearances the cartouche with Neferkare's name as it looks in the Sakkara list. It arrests the signs KA with the aroused arms (intending soul) and Nefer (a sign maybe showing a belly and a windpipe) intending beautiful and the sun (or really solar god) Re.

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Pepi II

Pepi II of the 6th Dynasty [2300-2181 B.C.]. Last well-attested pharaoh of the Old Kingdom, with an exceptionally long rule estimated diversely between sixty and 90 years. A long reign appears confirmed by attest that the king was a child once he came to the throne: there are pictures of the king as a child, including a well-known figurine demoing him on the lap of his mother. The throne-name Neferkare was applied by other kings later in Egyptian history: hence references to the throne-name alone can just be dated to this rule if there is certification (for example, when an aim inscribed with the name is lately Old Kingdom type).

Pepi II as a boy

The 5th king of the 6th Dynasty was the son of King Pepi I and Queen Ankhnesmeryre II. This heir of Nemtyemzaf was only 6 years old when he concerned the throne. His mother assisted as his regent. Since a child Pepi encountered word that a dwarf had been appropriated. Pepi sent detailed directions on the care of the dwarf , including a anticipate of a reward to the official that brought the dwarf safely to him. The letter accented the importance of twenty-four hour care to hold the dwarf safe from harm. Pepi based trading despatches to Punt and Nubia. Reportedly, Pepi reigned Egypt for ninety-four years. His married woman* were Queens Nit, Wedjebten, Ankhnespepi and Ipuit. His pyramid was constructed in Sakkara.

King Pepi II was the son of King Pepi I and Ankhenesmerire I. He was the stepbrother of his predecessor, Merenre I. He was got married to Neith, his stepsister and to Iput II, a daughter of his brother. He was besides married to a woman called Udjbeten. His heir, Merenre II, is maybe the son Pepi II had with Neith.

When his stepbrother died, evidently without any male heirs, Pepi II was yet a child. Agreeing to the Turin King-list, he reigned for over ninety years, which looks to be affirmed by Manetho, who recorded ninety-four years. This would cause Pepi II the longest reigning king of Ancient Egypt. Some doubt has yet been caducous on this high number, and some researchers think that it was the consequence of a miss-reading of sixty-four.

The existent power primitively of his reign was accommodated by his mother and her brother, Djau. An alabaster statue demoes Ankhenesmerire I with the young but purple Pepi II on her lap, passably evocative of Isis with the young Horus. Another statue, demoes Pepi II as a naked kid.

Pepi II's long rule is branded by a gradual decline of the exchange government. His predecessors' policy to attempt and consolidate the attitude of the king was beginning to fail, and this would become more conspicuous after Pepi II's death. It is frequently thought that the cause of this was the long rule of Pepi II: the aging king was no longer capable to rule himself, which would have expanded the power of his central disposal and of the provincial governors. On the other hand, it must be marked that Pepi's funerary memorial was constructed and decorated in a often poorer way than his predecessors', which may argue a decline in welfare generally during his rule. This decline is likely to have been the result of the lower annual alluvion of the Nile: with a bluer annual alluvion, crops and crops were no more abundant and agriculture, the backbone of Egyptian economy, started to decay.

Pepi II's foreign policy also is marked by some troubles. In the starting of his reign, a pygmy bestowed by the governor of Elephantine, could delectation the young king. Later, many expedition leaders would find their deaths though campaigning in Nubia. The commercial kinship with Byblos appear to have carried on, but many other commercial kinships with foreign countries were chipped.

Pepi II constructed his funerary complex in Sakkara South, near the monument of Shepseskaf of the fourth Dynasty, at a kilometre length from his father's and brother's. His 3 wives were buried in littler pyramids following to his own.

The 5th king of the sixth Dynasty was the son of King Pepi I and Queen Ankhnesmeryre II. This heir of Nemtyemzaf was just six years old when he concerned the throne. His mother assisted as his regent. As a child Pepi accepted word that a dwarf had been appropriated.

Pepi sent elaborate instructions on the care of the dwarf, including a anticipate of a reward to the prescribed that bestowed the dwarf safely to him. The letter accented the importance of twenty-four hour care to hold on the dwarf safe from damage.

Pepi based trading expeditions to Punt and Nubia. Reportedly, Pepi reigned Egypt for ninety-four years. His married woman were Queens Nit, Wedjebten, Ankhnespepi and Ipuit. His pyramid was constructed in Sakkara

King Pepi II carried on foreign relations of his predecessors and asseverated diplomatic and commercial coitions with Byblos in Syria. Campaigns of "pacification" entered Nubia and he as well continued the long accomplished mining practices in Sinai and elsewhere.

He had a act of queens, most of them related him, and one of his boys, Merenre II, who may have came through him, maybe for just one year.

His pyramid and mortuary composite was constructed at South Saqqara and the pyramid's call was [The Established and Living Pyramid].

It was constructed and decorated in a often poorer mode then his predecessors and power and wealth of eminent officials banquet all over Egypt dragging hold away from the capital Memphis. Disposal of the country became hard and he appointive one vizier to each one for Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt to regain hold, but vainly.

On his exceptionally long rule (ninety-four years according to Manetho and sixty-four by some scholars) foreign relations such military expeditions into Nubia, debilitated the state treasury and some foreign relations were even broken away. The central disposal for taxation was brushed off by governors approximately the country and towards the end of his rule, the authorities of Egypt simply broke up.

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Pepi I

King Pepi I was the son of [Teti] and Queen [Ipwet]. He was the 3rd king of the sixth Dynasty. An advanced leader, Pepi took the loathsome military role. He attacked the Bedouins in Sinai and southern Palestine. He also led a military campaign in Nubia to establish forts and trading posts. Pepi's pyramid was so telling that its name, Mennefermare, was given to the field. The capital, primitively named Hiku-Ptah, was renamed Nennefer, so Menfi. The Greeks later transcribed it as Memphis. Pepi constructed temples at Tanis, Bubastis, Abydos, Dendera and Coptos. Copper statues of Pepi were discovered in Hierakonpolis, and are on exhibit in the Cairo Museum. His first wife melted soon after she was discovered in a harem plat to overturn the throne. Afterwards he married 2 daughters of a nomarch and named them both Ankhnesmeryre. Among them was the mother of Pepi II.

Pepi I

Pharaoh Pepi I was the son of Teti and a woman called Iput I, who is accepted by some to have been a daughter of Unas. He had many wives. With Ankhenesmerire I he got a son, Pepi II. With Ankhenesmerire II, a girl of her name-sake, he had a boy, Merenre I and a girl, Neith. His marriage to these 2 sisters may have been a political move as they were the daughters of a noble from Abydos, called Khui.

The twenty years concorded to him in the Turin King-list is very low and maybe the result of a error of the composer or scribe of the king-list, or of a bad refurbishment by more recent scientists. The highest commemorated year is the year after the twenty-fifth counting. If the countings took place every 2 years, the year after the twenty-fifth counting would be the fiftieth year.

The inner policy of Pepi I was a continuance of his father's tries to consolidate the power of the central government. This is attested not just by his marriage to two daughters of a noble from Abydos, but also by the extensive constructing policy of this king. Memorials were raised in Bubastis, Abydos, Elephantine and Dendara. In Dendara, his retention would be conserved by a now lost statue that shows him doting Hathor, as shown in a few alleviations in the temple from the Greek-Roman period.

On his reign, there were the most traditional military expedition to the Sinai and into Nubia. He also coordinated some expeditions to the Wadi Hammamat. The commercial relationship with the Near East was exposed by an intrusion of a peregrine people into Palestine.

His funerary composite, named Men-nefer, was constructed at Saqqara South, a few kilometers to the South of his father's. It was constructed at some distance from the temple of Ptah of Memphis. Its name would be changed to this temple from the eighteenth Dynasty on, and from there on would be enforced to the intact city of Memphis.

Pepi I was the 2d ruler of Egypt's sixth Dynasty, a period that would finally fall into the abyss of the First arbitrate Period. Pepi I was this pharaoh's birthing name, though we may also find him listed as Pepy I, Piopi I, Pipi and the Greek Phiops. His enthrone name was Mery-re, intending [Beloved of Re], while he actually used the throne name, Nefersahor during the first half of his reign, later altering it to Mery-re. He reigned Egypt from around 2332 through 2283 BC. He likely came up the throne as an early age, and seems to have ruled for some fifty years (or leastwise forty years).

It is completely possible that Pepi I didn't follow his father to the enthrone. Kings Lists let in the name of a Pharaoh Userkara between that of King Teti and King Pepi I, and it may be that this king arrogated the enthrone for a brusk time.

He was credibly the son of Teti and his queen, Iput I. Whilst he may have had leastways six, the wives of Pepi I that we cognise of were Ankhnesmerire I and II (Sometimes as well determined as Meryre-ankh-nas), who were the girls of an influential official (believably governor of the area) at Abydos called Khui. Pepi I made his brother-in-law, we think a son of Khui named Djau, vizier. A woman called Were-Imtes could have been his 1st wife but some Egyptologists have evoked that she might not have been his wife in the least.. It may have been Were-Imtes who planned a cabal against her husband from the harem, but she was found out and penalised. This occurred in the 21 cattle census, or about year forty-two of the king's convention. An confederate in this plot could have been Rewer, a vizier of Pepi I who's name has been effaced from his tomb. However, Callender has indicated that the confederacy wasn't by one of Pepi's queens, but was alternatively a plot by maybe the mother of the mysterious King Userkare. Essentially, there is considerable confusedness between the explanations catered by assorted Egyptologists around this confederacy.

Evidently, he married Ankhnesmerire I belated in his reign, perhaps yet after the harem confederacy, and may have married her little sister after the first sister's death, just this is by no means absolved. His sons, Merenre (by his wife Ankhnesmerire I) and Pepi II (by Ankhnesmerire II) would rule Egypt through the end of the 6th Dynasty. He as well had a daughter by Ankhnesmerire I called Neith, who would afterward marry her stepbrother Pepi II. It appears that Pepi II was born either only before or presently after Pepi I's death. Pepi I could have had a number of additional wives, letting in a Nebuunet (Nebwenet) and Inenek-Inti, who's little pyramids are close his at South Sakkara. An dedication has besides been found documenting another queen, maybe from Upper Egypt, called Nedjeftet. Other family appendages, though we are not so sure of their relationships, credibly included a woman called Meretites, and another woman called Ankhesenpepi (or Ankhnesmerire) III. Very lately, (June 2000) we are assured by Dr. Zahi Hawass of a different pyramid that has been discovered by the French squad close Pepi I's that looks to be that of Ankhnesmerire II, while in this report she is mentioned to as Ankhes-en Pepi.

In the right: Ankhnesmerire II accommodates the infant King Pepi II

Leastways 4 statues of the king have endured, including the earliest acknowledged life size carving in metal. This state flog from the temple of Hierakonpolis (Nikhen) in upper Egypt and is attained of copper. Found with it was as well a copper statue of his young boy and future king, Merenre. Additional statues include a belittled green statue of the king believably making oblations to deities, and a belittled alabaster statue of Pepi I accommodating the royal baffled flail and sceptre "crook".

We acknowledge that the rule of Pepi saw the rising charm and wealth of nobles away the royal court, a circumstance that perhaps had often to do with a correct into the First arbitrate Period. These noblemen constructed fine tombs for themselves and frequently boasted of favors resulting from friendship to Pepi I.

In the left: Copper statue of Pharaoh Pepi I and Merenre

We besides know that Pepi I broached a number of trading and other despatches, often for fine rock to be used in his many constructing casts. One inscription discovered at the alabaster pits at Hatnub is dated to year fifty of his rule. It refers to the twenty-fifth cattle count, which was a biyearly event. He was likewise active at the Wadi Maghara turquoise and copper pits in the Sinai, the greywacke and siltstone pits of Wadi Hammamat, where his first Sed Festival is referred. We think he also defended diplomatic and commercial coitions with Byblos and Ebla.

He may have too sent despatches to the mines of Sinai and as far-off as Palestine. The dispatch into Palestine was chaired by a person called Weni the Welder (Uni?) and affected landing flocks from the sea. A exclusive dedication is the only document of the 5 campaigns led below Pepi I Palestine, the Land of the Sand Dwellers as the Egyptians named the areas east of Egypt.

His majesty based me to lead this army five times to chasten the land of the Sand Dwellers, every time they arose, with these flocks. I acted so that his majesty praised me for it. Assured that there were arises among these foreigners at the 'Nose-of-the-Gazelle's-head' I baffled in ships, collectively with these flocks. I put to land at the back of the height of the chain northward of the land of the Sand-Dwellers, whilst (the other) half of this regular army were travelling by ground. I turned back, I blockaded all of them and slew every arise amongst them.

Of the autobiography of King Weni the Elder

Pepi I believably did considerable constructing but little of it remains, intrinsically. Some of his constructing projects were likely comprised into later projects, but he did leave many dedications. Building projects of Pepi I include the remains of a chapel (Hwt-ka) at Bubastis, as well as projects at Elephantine and Abydos. He may have accomplished work at Dendara too. He built his pyramid at South Sakkara and the Pyramid Text autographed on the pyramid surrounds were the 1st to be discovered by Egyptologists, though not the first commemorated in a pyramid. This pyramid was called Mn-nfr, implying (Pepi is) constituted and good". The corruptness of this call by classical authors offered our modern name for Egypt's ancient capital, Memphis. His palace could have been identical close his pyramid in South Sakkara.

Pepi is additional attested to by edicts found at Dahshure (today in Berlin) and Coptos. He was referred in life history* of Weni in his tomb at Abydos, Djaw from his grave at Abydos, Ibi in his grave at Deir el-Gabrawi, Meryankhptahmeryre in his tomb at Giza, Qar in hist tomb at Edfu and the life on a tomb at Sakkara by an unidentified person.

The son of Teti and Queen Ipwet was the 3rd pharaoh of the sixth Dynasty. An advanced leader, Pepi took the loathsome military role. He aggressed the Bedouins in Sinai and southerly Palestine. He also led a agitate in Nubia to establish forts and trading posts.

Pepi's pyramid was so telling that its name, Mennefermare, inclined to the region. The capital, primitively called Hiku-Ptah, was renamed Nennefer, so Menfi. The Greeks later transcribed it as Memphis. Pepi constructed temples at Abydos, Dendera, Tanis, Bubastis and Coptos.

Pepi's copper statues were discovered in Hierakonpolis, and are on show in the Cairo Museum. His 1st wife melted soon after she was discovered in a harem plot to override the throne. After he married 2 daughters of a nomarch and called them both Ankhnesmeryre. Among them was the mother of King Pepi II.

Among the names of King Pepi I was "The Ka soul of Re is powerful" and contemplates back on the traditional solar cult from Heliopolis that was tardily freeing its grip as the most powerful demonstration of the Egyptian amused religion.

When he come up the throne he had the call of his predecessor king Userkare distant wherever conceivable, arguing a feud in the royal house.

Many constructing projects of his are acknowledged from Bubastis in the delta to Aswan in the south, but brief of it remains. Some of it was maybe incorporated into later projects attained by other rulers, but he did leave many dedications from his time telling around his deeds on his three decade dominate.

He coordinated expeditions to Sinai and Nubia and has left stone carving in Wadi Hammamat, a 120 kilometre long route between the River Nile valley and the Red Sea.

Among the most noteworthy discoveries in Egyptian history was built in Hierakonpolis in Upper Egypt. It was a big copper statue of Pepi I and his petty son Merenre.

He constructed his pyramid composite at south Sakkara four kms south of Djoser's composite and a couple of hundred meters from the pyramid of 5th dynasty king Djedkare Isesi. On the nineteenth dynasty it was bushelled and text from this affair tell that it was in good shape at that time.

When former Egyptologists entered the subterraneous rooms from the northerly side entrance in the late 1800s, they discovered pyramid texts incised in the walls, circularising light over the builder of the memorial and more. The valley temple and causeway are still to be and investigated, but the rests of them look to be very few. The mortuary composite was most a duplicate of Teti's and the pyramid was of 6 dynasty standard sizing: a 79 meter square with a height of fifty-three.

It besides had a name of its possess; [The accomplished and Beautiful Pyramid]. Nowadays this knockout is a twelve-meter high break.

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Famous Pharaohs Blog

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In Famous Pharaohs blog you can read about: Famous Pharaohs, Famous Egyptian Pharaohs, Queen Hatshepsut, Tutankhamun, Khufu, List of Famous Pharaohs, Ramses II, Sneferu, Khafra, Amenhotep I, Thutmose III, Amenhotep III, Cleopatra, Akhenaten (Amenhotep IV), Nefertiti, Buildings of Hatshepsut, List of Egyptians Pharaohs, Family, Life and Childhood of Ramses II, Egypt Under Ramses II, The Death of Ramses II, Sneferu, Queen Ankhesenamun, Amenhotep II, Thutmose I, Thutmose II, Thutmose III, Thutmose IV, Djoser, Narmer, Seti I, Ramses I, Ramses III, Senusret II, Senusret III, The Predynastic Period, Archaic Period, The Old Kingdom, First Intermediate Period, The Middle Kingdom, The New Kingdom, Tutankhamun Tomb (KV62), Tutankhamun Mummy, Tutankhamun Jewelry, Tutankhamun Facts, King Sekhen, King Iry-Hor/Ro, King Ka, King Crocodile, King Lion, Scorpion I, Scorpion II, King Anendjib, King Semerkhet, King Qa'a (Kaa), King Sneferka, King Hetepsekhemwy, King Reneb, King Weneg ... and more.

King Ninetjer

King Ninetjer’s name mean “Horus, the one of the god” or “Nebti, the one of the god”. He reigned from year 2815 to 2778 according to Piccione. His Burial Place Unknown, probably Memphis.

Ninetjer was the 3rd king of the 2nd Dynasty, and took Memphis as his capitol. He ruled ancient Egypt for most 40 years and he was notable for his festivals and fantastic temples.

Historican Manetho gives Ninetjer a reign of 47 years and calles him in a Greek way - Binothris. The change to a b-sound was made in later times when an additional sign (a ram) with that value was put to the king's name. Writings from his own time just content the flag and the weavy line.

Of Eygptian canons his identify therefor is to be read: Baneteren, Baneteru and Neteren (cartouch from Abydos).

Art - From early dynastic

He is the better known of all kings from this early division of the second dynasty. Waterproofings with his name has been found in assorted places in Lower Egypt and most of all in Sakkara where one "nobility class" mastaba at the north escarpment arrested half a dozen. It believably consisted to one of his high officials. His name has as well been discovered in big a mastaba from Giza, but just at one affair in Upper Egypt - at Abydos. It was found on stone vessels from the tomb of the later king Peribsen who possibly had brought them down in the south from the Memphis area.

Aside of all stone vessels his name only appears double on other types of objects: a small ivory mark and a famous statuette of stone.

This good cut little bit measuring 13,5 centimeter in height and 8,8 x 4,8 centimeter at the base, is made of a hard alabaster-like stone with a luster towards greenish-yellow. It shows the king sitting on his throne assuming the white crown of Upper Egypt and at his chest he's holding the crook and the flail. He is appareled in a tight fitting vest and this garment is typically associated with the Sed-festival that happed every 20th year. He looks alike a man in his older days. At both sides of the base his name is written by hieroglyphs not bordered by a serek as depicted in upper left corner of the picture.

Almost of the cognition about his feats comes from the Palermo stone where his name is written higher up the boxes with the annual cases. These entries are from his 6th to his twentieth year on the throne. Writing on stone vessels from Sakkara propose that his reign was at lowest thirty-five years long since a annotation says that the biyearly census had only been accomplished for the 17th time.

The notations about dissimilar festivities are all demur one referring to effects from Lower Egypt. There are records of political events too, since in his 13th year in office he ordered his forces to attack two nameless towns (Sm-r and Há). The name Há can as well be read "northern land" suggesting a rebellion from some identifies in the delta, or disorder at the northern frontier.

Ninetjer's tomb has been discovered in Saqqara just south of Djoser's pyramid composite and about 150 m alongside the tomb galleries of the founder of the dynasty.

His Monuments:

Tomb ataqqara, A construction the tomb of Hotepsekhemwi was found to the east of it, thus slenderly more aside from the pyramid of Unas. Even lower is acknowledged about it. A cursory examen has brought to light some seals abiding the name of the 2nd Dynasty king Ninetjer, which has appropriated us to describe this tomb as Ninetjer's.

When it was first acceded by archaeologists, it was as well found to contain 1000s of mummies of the Late Dynastic Period and later. These mummies distinctly belonged to intrusive burials of that date.

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King Qa'a (Kaa)

The reign of King Qa'a:
 
Scholars suggested that Qa'a lived from 3100 to 2890 BCE. For Manetho AF he reigned 26 years from 2889 to 2859 BCE. Almost scholars think that King Qa'a was the last king of the first dynasty. We may as well assure his name as Kaa, or many other fluctuations. Although Egyptologists frequently disaccord on dating, our current better estimate is that he lived from around 3100 to 2890 BC. Whilst this information on Qa'a is extremely circumscribed, till Dreyer and Kaiser analysis their information and furnish us with more information, brief additional is known of this former Egyptian Pharaoh. He was believably entombed in Tomb Q at Abydos, where 2 typical royal funerary stelae abiding his name were discovered on the east side of the tomb. This tomb has been hollowed on a number of dissimilar occations, first by Emile Amelineau in the 1890s, so Flinders Petrie and in 1991, by Werner Kaiser and Gunther Dreyer. The work treated this later German team brought out many small artefacts and architectural contingents that had been commanded by earlier diggings. These include 30 autographed labels that delineate the bringing of oil, credibly built from berries or tree rosins, and belike from the Syria-Palestine region. Seal beliefs and artifacts have likewise been discovered in Tomb Q with the call of Hetepsekhemwy, the first pharaoh of the second dynasty. This suggests that Hetepsekhemwy accomplished Tomb Q, and that there was no real breach between the first and second dynasties of Egypt. 
 
Remains determine the period of the reign of King Qa'a:
 
The change in dynasties from the first to the second was primitively reported by Manetho without explanation. We besides know of four tombs in Saqqara that date to this kings rule. The lower part of two wooden statues were found in one of these tombs in a set of rooms on the north side. Some scholars think this may have been an bidding chapel, and that the mortuary temple in pyramid composites may have evolved from this structure. Egyptologists have likewise discovered the stelae of 2 of Qa'a's officials, Merka and Sabef. These stelae have more composite inscriptions then earlier hieroglyphics, and may have indicated in increasing sophistication in the apply of this writing. Qáa was the last king of the dynasty and agreeing to Manetho he reigned for about 26 years, and this is belike because various mastabas at Saqqara are dated to his rule. During 1993 a German archaeological despatch re-excavated his tomb at Abydos and discovered that a lot alterations had been made to the tomb and attempted over significant period of time. It is one of the almost impressive at the Abydos cemetery and the funeral chamber still held divisions of the wooden floor and the colourful blueprints on the walls. A fine artefact was found by archaeologist Petrie in 1900 (shown in picture left). It's a backing rod made of ivory showing a confined of war with his hands adhered behind his back. Many is pointing to that the described man is from a tribe in the east, and the sign above is head is a really unusual hieroglyph that in later times at least, corresponded enemies from that direction. His large beard is a little to much to come from an Egyptian, they used to shave themselves at least on their cheeks. Other find from his grave was three copper bowls with the king's name on. The practice of subsidiary burial where servants were killed so to serve the ruler in the afterlife discontinued after the reign of Qáa. The beginning of his reign is recorded on the Cairo stone, assuring about his ceremonial duties and basing of temples... Amongst the ascertains in his tomb in the 1990s was a seal belief with all the kings from the first dynasty up to Qáa himself was written down. It is a singular piece with all pharaohs in a line dropping queen Neith-Hotep. The fact that Narmer is the first in line remarks him as the founder of the dynasty and unifier later called Menes. A check into administration was brought to light when year judges from his tomb told about timber deported to the royal workshops and festivals. Qáa is authenticated to the south from rock cuttings near the old town of Hierakonpolis, and also adverted on jar sealings and two besmirched stela. 
 
The double name Qaa-Hedjet:
 
Until the reign of Den Egypt seems to have enjoyed stability and prosperity, but during Anedjib's reign order broke down when contradictory divides (Horus versus Set) caused alterations that ended the dynasty. During 1960s came to light on the caper dealers' market a singular bit of art. It was a totally unknown stela of pharaoh Qaa. In his serek where his name should be, was amazingly nothing but the white crown of Upper Egypt (the Hedjet). Thus he is afterward this find also called by the double name Qaa-Hedjet. Nothing in hieroglyphic writing on the stone affirms his identity, which is made solely on aesthetic grounds from the way the relief pictures and sign are did.  
 
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King Semerkhet

Authenticity of King Semerkhet:

King Semerkhet ruled 18 years according to Manetho Africanus, and Piccione put the years between 2897 and 2889 to his reign. Semerkhet was the 6th king of the first Dynasty. He was the son of Queen Betrest and her wife King Adjib, and for unknown causes, just reigned for 8 years. Egyptologists discovered identical little, keep for a black stela with Semerkhet's name cut up on it. King Semerkhet was the 5th regent in the 1st dynasty, and he had he brusquest time on the throne, 8 and a half years. We recognize this for a fact because his accomplished reign is certificated on the Cairo Stone in the Egyptian Museum. Unfortunately the entries from every year are only about ceremonials of unlike sorts and don't record any historical consequences. Theories about his authenticity to kingship proposing that he was an supplanter has been bring up by scholars because he had the use of reprocessing his predecessor's goods. At the cemetery at Abydos aims from King Anedjib age (and grave) was discovered in Semerkhet's where he had effaced the original name and superseded it with his own. In a varnish from his heir his name is composed in the line with the other kings, apprisal that he was recognized as a pharaoh leastwise by his follower, who was his son. A year mark from Semerkhet reign was discovered in his follower's tomb at the re-excavation in the mid 1990 brought in by the [German Institute of Archaeology] in Cairo. 
 
The Tomb of Semerkhet:
 
Semerkhet's tomb in Abydos displays a new boast: retainers' tombs attached at once to the thick walls of his own, and a door bewitch rather so a staircase conducing to the tomb chamber. This entails that the all building was bred by the same superstructure, arguing that the considerations were buried at the like time, and thus credibly sacrificed to the accolade of their headmaster. Amongst the extending good was discovered ten vessels spelt from Palestine when it was dug up by English Egyptologist Petrie in 1901. The extraneous trade was conserved during his rule, but never accomplish the height it had on the middle of the dynasty. 

North Saqqara Tomb:
 
The only aim of content to have endured from Semerkhet's rule is a black granite funeral stela ascertained by his tomb in 1898. It had primitively consisted to a pair raised external his monument, a custom from the very commencing of the dynasty. King Semerkhet is the first king who doesn't have a mastaba tomb from his time at North Saqqara, and it's expected that his high officials endured his short rule and kept serving the following monarch. Leastwise one of them is cognised by his nominate "minister Henuka".  

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King Anendjib

The Origin of the Name of King Anendjib:

King Anendjib ruled about 26 years from 2949 to 2897. Anedjib was the 5th king on the first dynasty. Anendjib held Memphis as his capitol city passim his fourteen years of reign. Anedjib's crown acquitted the symbols of both Upper and Lower Egypt, a histrionics of the conjugation of the country under his power. Historians, even so, incertitude that Anedjib actually ascertained the north, due to the fact that the northerly Nomes arose against him perpetually throughout his rule. His wife Queen Betrest was the mother of King Semerkhet, who was his heir. The queen allowed Anedjib with authenticity and power as she was a descendent from the Memphite royalty. Anedjib is a ruler that not so much is acknowledged about. He was as well named Enezib and Merbiapen and reigned from Memphis. Concording to Manetho (Af.) who called him Miebidos, his rule was twenty-six years. He could have bear on power by union to queen Betrest of the Memphite royal family and in this encase he wasn't son of king Den. 

Where was the Name of King Anendjib Found?
 
A dispute between the Lower Egyptian classes and the south appears to have been impermanent solved by Anedjib whose name is the first of totally kings in the Saqqara list. Perhaps he was the first king not to be forthwith related the Thinis line of pharaohs. Yet the theory that he was an supplanter (or his heir was) and was not accredited by all his generation, has some essence, because his memorials were advisedly outraged by his contiguous follower on the throne. His name in a serek has been deleted and the new king's put there alternatively in a lot stone vessels found at Saqqara. Rather than there his name has just been discovered in two other locates in Egypt: Abydos and Helwan, and away its borders perhaps at En Besor in southern Palestine. 
 
Was the Reign of King Anendjib a Period of Social Disquiet and Political Imbalance?
 
At Saqqara a big mastaba, credibly for his prime minister, brought out a new architectural building within when it was apprehended out in the 1950s. In counterpoint his possess tomb in Abydos was a blunt small building (image right) so were the courses of 64 satellite tombs. This high up number assures that though is rule appears to have been a step backward for the country in general (home conflict?) the king's power all over the common man* was unploughed. The engrave chamber even held divisions of the wooden floor after 4.500 years. Maybe attempting to constitute himself as the true king boilersuit Egypt he assumed a new entitle [The Two Lords]. He thereby credibly underlined his chore not put anybody in favour of the of the deities Horus and Set whose assistants obviously had dissevered the country spiritually and made more or less social disquiet and political imbalance. This carried on well in to, and even to the end of the next dynasty. His power all over the south was disputed by local folks and the northern nomes were frequently disaffected. Many stone targets have shown that the habit of building statues of the pharaoh had already started. They describe king Anedjib as a statue assuming various apparels, and these likely stood in another temples. 

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Scorpion II

The Name of the Scorpion:

Appoint some of the times displayed as Selq, just it is not displayed in a serekh, as other pharaohs of the era were shown. The activeness movie The Scorpion King, asterisking The Rock, is fancy, naturally; but there's so rather a bit of valid certify for an Egyptian king who's generally named [Scorpion], established on the delineation of a scorpion mark with his portrayal on a macehead. The person depicted is a king, posted on the demonstration of the figure with the White Crown of Upper Egypt and the sizing of the anatomy towering over consultants and attenders. Of course, the macehead is only a fragment, and there is some dispute over whether the sign of the Scorpion is entailed as a name, or if the king is another early dynastic king and the scorpion mark is some sort of title or has some other entailing. There's a big, many-roomed tomb in Abydos (B50) that has been described as dwelling to the “Scorpion Pharaoh”, while no absolute evidence has been discovered. 
 
Is the Scorpion King a Mythical Name?
 
A late article in the New York Times has deposited that the Scorpion Pharaoh engaged war against Naqada (the most former Egyptian culture) about 3250 BCE. This is established on a series of inscriptions named the Scorpion Tableau. The heaviest thing about accommodating the existence of a maybe mythic [Scorpion King] is that his name doesn't seem in a serekh – a stylised pre-cartouche cleared by a falcon – as do the names of the other pharaohs of predynastic period and I. Generally, these early kings were acknowledged only by their “Horus Name”, a formalistic king-name that was exposed in the serekh. But these real early kings frequently were recognized only by a single signifier, [Crocodile, Scorpion, Falcon, Bull]. Even the long-familiar Narmer was called 'Catfis'. It has been recommended that Scorpion may have been a conclusion contemporary of Narmer, founded on the similiatires of the maceheads and palette ascribed to them. Scorpion was calculated to come from Hierakonpolis, a contending city to This, which bred the 1st dynasty Pharaohs. AT the time, they might have been the bag cities for contending bosses. Some serekhs have been discovered on pottery and vases that are construed by some as being Scorpion. Yet, these have likewise been record as beonging to other Pharaohs (Aha and still Crocodile) and it's potential that these marks don't even defend the Pharaohs totally. He could have come from the royal family of Hierakonpolis, besides from This, the ancestry city of the Thinite dynasty from wherefrom came his later heir Narmer, the Pharaoh Catfish. Maybe This and Hierakonpolis each were the centres of equal chiefdoms, and when Scorpion’s rule finished, This acquired an uncontested attitude as autonomous of Egypt. 
 
Narmer and Scorpion:
 
Maybe Narmer was the first king who in reality ruled undisputed throughout the country. Founded on Scorpion’s evident association with Hierakonpolis and from the stylistic similarities between his macehead and the palette and macehead ascribed to Narmer, the 2 rulers might good have been close coevals. Mace heads were discovered in the 1980s in the Main depository inside the old temple of Heirakonpolis. The macehead indicates the king with the white crown. It has been translate to show a mark of a scorpion ahead of the ruler, though this is a originative recording of the macehead. A crocodile’s tail attending down may rather link this macehead with a former ruler. It is imaginable that this king and the tomb purportedly consisting to Scorpion I are for the same man, besides an earlier person with the equal name. 

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King Crocodile

Acknowledged from only some remains, generally a cylinder seal discovered in Tarkhan, hollowed in 1912. The motive is water-waves and crocodiles, though not a conventional name. King Crocodile Perhaps a ruler of a single state in Egypt, the sixth, with the Crocodile as its symbolisation. Maybe a present-day with Narmer His tomb didn't discovered at Abydos.  

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